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Insect Phylogeny and Evolution
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Determining Phylogenetic Relationships
No engine, two wheels Gas engine, two wheels Gas engine, four wheels, no box on back Diesel engine, four wheels, solid box on back Gas engine, four wheels, glassed box on back No engine, one wheel Gas engine, four wheels, solid box on back
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Determining Phylogenetic Relationships
bicycle unicycle motorcycle SUV sedan van truck No engine, two wheels Gas engine, two wheels glass solid Gas engine, four wheels, no box on back Box No box Diesel engine, four wheels, solid box on back 4 wheels 2 wheels 2 wheels 1 wheel Gas engine, four wheels, glassed box on back Gas Diesel No engine, one wheel No engine Engine Gas engine, four wheels, solid box on back Some ancestral vehicle (??)
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Determining Phylogenetic Relationships
motorcycle bicycle unicycle SUV sedan van truck Species - 7 glass solid Genus - 6 Family - 5 Box No box Order - 4 Phylum - 2 4 wheels 2 wheels 2 wheels 1 wheel Gas Diesel No engine Engine Some ancestral vehicle (??)
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Phylogeny of the Arthropoda
Onychophora Annelid-like ancestor Tardigrada Marellomorpha † Arachnidomorpha(≈Chelicerata) Crustaceomorpha Next slide Arthropoda Atelocerata These taxa are all subphyla of Arthropoda
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† † † † † Phylogeny of the Mandibulata
Chelicerates (spiders, scorpions, mites etc.) † = terrestrial origin † † Crustacea Chilopoda Symphyla Pauropoda Mandibulata Diplopoda † Atelocerata † Entognatha Hexapoda Insecta
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Non-Hexapod Mandibulates
Chilopoda - centipedes Symphla Pauropoda Diplopoda- millipedes
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Summary of features of non-hexapod mandibulates
Size # of pairs of legs # of segments # m.p.’s Chilopoda cm pr Symphyla < 1.0 cm pr Pauropoda cm pr Diplopoda < 5 cm < 200 < pr
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Relationships among Hexapoda
Collembola Entognatha Protura Diplura Hexapoda Archaeognatha Insecta Thysanura Pterygota
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Hexapoda Insecta Pterygota Neoptera Holometabola Apterygotes
Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Entognatha Archaeognatha Hexapoda Zygentoma Ephemeroptera Insecta Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Pterygota Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea ? Mantophasmatodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Neoptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Holometabola Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Apterygotes Strepsiptera Trichoptera Paleoptera Lepidoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous
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Vascular plants Seed plants
Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic cretaceous Entognatha Archaeognatha Zygentoma Ephemeroptera Insecta Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Pterygota Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea ? Mantophasmatodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Neoptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Holometabola Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Vascular plants Seed plants
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1 2 3 4 Steps in arthropod evolution Common ancestor - legless annelid
- undifferentiated body 2 Paired bilateral appendages - development of somites, antennal segments, and simple eyes (like Onychophora) 3 4 3. Early arthropod - better developed eyes and jointed legs Reduction in appendages - cephalization -modification of first appendages into mouthparts - development of three tagmata
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What about the Onychophora (“velvet worms” )?
Annelid Arthropod Characteristics Characteristics -worm-like body -segmented legs (during embryogenesis) Peripatus -paired nephridia -open circulatory system - hemocoel - trachea - oral appendages
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Evolution of the Insects
(Carpenter ) Four stages in insect evolution 4. Development of metamorphosis 3. Development of wing flexion mechanisms 2. Development of wings 1. Appearance of primitive wingless insects
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