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CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts in Kinesiology: Kinematics

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1 CHAPTER 1 Basic Concepts in Kinesiology: Kinematics

2 Introduction Biomechanics Kinesiology Clinical kinesiology
Application of the principles of mechanics to the living human body Kinesiology Combination of art and science Study of human movement Clinical kinesiology Application of kinesiology to environments of the health care professional

3 Clinical kinesiology purpose
Introduction Clinical kinesiology purpose To understand movement and the forces acting on the body and to learn how to manipulate these forces to: Prevent injury Restore function Provide optimal performance

4 Kinesiology Terminology
Kinetics Forces that produce or resist movement Kinematics Movement without regard for forces that produce motion or movement

5 Kinesiology Terminology
Kinematics Osteokinematics Arthrokinematics

6 Kinesiology Terminology
Planes of motion Referred to as cardinal planes Three planes Frontal Sagittal Transverse

7 Kinesiology Terminology
Axes of motion Described in reference to anatomical position Three axes x or medial-lateral y or superior-inferior z or anterior-posterior

8 Kinesiology Terminology
Naming movements at joints Flexion, extension, and hyperextension Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion Abduction and adduction Radial, ulnar deviation; lateral flexion Medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation Supination, pronation Inversion, eversion

9 Movement of bony levers through their range of motion (ROM)
Osteokinematics Movement of bony levers through their range of motion (ROM) Motion in a cardinal plane around corresponding axes Two types Translatory or linear—motion parallel to axis Rotary or angular—motion around an axis

10 Osteokinematics Degrees of freedom
Number of axes about which a joint can move Uniaxial, biaxial, or triaxial joints

11 Osteokinematics Degrees of freedom Uniaxial Biaxial Triaxial
Hinge or pivot Biaxial Condyloid, ellipsoid, and saddle Triaxial Ball-and-socket

12 Osteokinematics Clinical goniometry End feel
Clinical measurement used to quantify joint motion End feel Sensation perceived by clinician when assessing passive range of motion at the end of a joint’s ROM Three normal types: hard, soft, and firm May also be pathologic (e.g., “empty”)

13 Osteokinematics Kinematic chains Open kinematic chain (OKC)
Distal segment is free to move. Closed kinematic chain (CKC) Distal segment is fixed.

14 Describes how joint surfaces move on each other Arthrology
Arthrokinematics Describes how joint surfaces move on each other Arthrology Classification, structure, and function of joints Three types of joints Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis

15 Arthrokinematics Synarthrodial joints
Fibrous structure—offers stability Fit between bony segments very congruent and tight Two subtypes—syndesmosis and gomphosis

16 Amphiarthrodial joints
Arthrokinematics Amphiarthrodial joints Provide both mobility and stability Hallmark—cartilaginous structure between bones Examples—intervertebral joints of spine, pubic symphysis

17 Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
Arthrokinematics Diarthrodial (synovial) joints Provide mobility Hallmark—joint capsule (two layers) Stratum fibrosum—thicker Stratum synovium—produces synovial fluid

18 Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
Arthrokinematics Diarthrodial (synovial) joints Most common type of joint in body May be either ovoid or sellar in shape Most synovial joints are ovoid Create concave-convex relationship

19 Diarthrodial (synovial) joints
Arthrokinematics Diarthrodial (synovial) joints Other common elements: Cartilage Ligaments Articular discs Joint capsule Synovial fluid Bursae

20 Basic arthrokinematic joint motions
Arthrokinematics Basic arthrokinematic joint motions Rolling—rotary or angular motion Sliding (gliding)—translatory or linear motion Spinning Distraction—compression

21 Arthrokinematics Joint axes in function
Axes of rotation are not fixed. Many joint axes in body are oblique. Talocrural joint axis

22 Summary Kinesiology—study of human movement Kinematics—osteokinematics and arthrokinematics Varying degrees of freedom in joints Classification of joints by structure and function

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