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Taxonomic classification:
The ordering and naming of organisms Include images of dichotomous key Carolus Linnaeus (mid-1700s) “God makes them, I name them”
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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Genus name & specific epithet Genus begins with uppercase letter Genus & species underlined or in italics E.g., Passer domesticus, P. turkistanicus HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION Taxon = group of related organisms
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Hierarchical analogies:
TAXON ANALOGY DOMAIN Continent KINGDOM Country PHYLUM State CLASS City ORDER Street FAMILY House No. GENUS Family Name SPECIES First Name
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SYSTEMATICS: Classification that reflects historical relationships PHYLOGENY: The evolutionary history of taxa Presented as a phylogenetic tree Similar species grouped on branches
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Phylogenetic tree
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Branches of trees based in fundamental similarities 1) Body symmetry
Asymmetry Ancestral multicellular animal
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Asymmetry No regular shape sponge
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Radial symmetry Sponges Ancestral multicellular animal Radial symmetry
Asymmetry Ancestral multicellular animal
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Multiple pie-like cuts create similar parts Can also vase-shaped
Radial Symmetry Multiple pie-like cuts create similar parts Can also vase-shaped Moon jelly
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Longitudinal axis
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Bilateral symmetry Jellies Sponges Ancestral multicellular animal
Radial symmetry Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Ancestral multicellular animal
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Bilateral Symmetry Have left and right sides Only equally divisible along medial plane
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ANTERIOR versus POSTERIOR
Front end versus rear end Anterior Posterior
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Clam
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DORSAL versus VENTRAL Upper versus lower halves Dorsal Ventral
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Body segmentation Like slices of bread 1) Unsegmented Roundworms
Flatworms unsegmented Jellies Sponges Radial symmetry Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Ancestral multicellular animal
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External segmentation
Roundworms Flatworms Jellies Sponges Radial symmetry unsegmented External segmentation Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Ancestral multicellular animal
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Obvious, like a loaf of bread
Segmented worms Arthropods
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External segmentation
3) Internal segmentation Roundworms Arthropods Segmented worms Flatworms Jellies Sponges Radial symmetry External segmentation Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Internal segmentation Ancestral multicellular animal
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Must look inside Endoskeleton, muscles, nerves
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External segmentation
Skeleton 1) Exoskeleton Roundworms Segmented worms Arthropods Flatworms Jellies Exoskeleton Sponges Radial symmetry External segmentation Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Internal segmentation Ancestral multicellular animal
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Exoskeleton Hard skeleton outside, muscles inside E.g., insects, crustaceans
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External segmentation
2) Endoskeleton Roundworms Segmented worms Arthropods Flatworms Jellies Exoskeleton Sponges Radial symmetry External segmentation Asymmetry Bilateral symmetry Internal segmentation Endoskeleton Ancestral multicellular animal Chordates
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Endoskeleton Hard skeleton inside, muscles outside
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Snails and clams = shell Turtles and crustaceans= carapace
Final word on “SHELLS” Snails and clams = shell Turtles and crustaceans= carapace Protists & sea urchins = test Chiton shells have 8 plates Dorsal view Ventral view
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