1. 4b: Reasons for the increase in immigration
Hope for better opportunities

2. 4b: Reasons for the increase in immigration
Desire for religious freedom

3. 4b: Reasons for the increase in immigration
Escape from oppressive governments

4. 4b: Reasons for the increase in immigration
Desire for adventure

5. 4b: Reasons why cities grew and developed
Specialized industries, including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago)

6. 4b: Reasons why cities grew and developed
Immigration to America from other countries

7. 4b: Reasons why cities grew and developed
Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

8. 4b: Reasons why cities grew and developed
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

9. 4b: Efforts to solve immigration problems
Settlement houses, such as Hull House founded by Jane Addams

10. 4b: Efforts to solve immigration problems
Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing)

11. 4b: Discrimination against immigrants
Chinese

12. 4b: Discrimination against immigrants
Irish

13. 4b: Challenges faced by cities
Tenements and ghettos

14. 4b: Challenges faced by cities
Political corruption (political machines)