1. Ch 38: Angiosperm reproduction -
Define angiosperm
Name the dominant generation
What are the male gametophytes
Where are female gametophytes produced?(embryo sacs)

3. angiosperm reproductive parts, process
Anther
Filament
Stamen
Pollen tube
stigma
Ovary (base of carpel)
Ovule
Embryo sac (n)
(female gametophyte)
FERTILIZATION
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Petal
Receptacle
Sepal
Style
Ovary
Mature
sporophyte
(2n)
Zygote
Embryo (2n)
fruit
Germinating
Seed
Carpel
Stigma

4. Flower Structure Flowers
Reproductive organs of the angiosperm sporophyte
Composed of four floral parts: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
The ABC genetic genes: 3, turned on in different combinations, produce the different parts of a flower.

6. REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
variations in floral structure
Bilateral symmetry
(orchid)
Sepal
Radial symmetry
(daffodil)
Inferior ovary
Superior
ovary
inflorescence
monoecious
Dioecious
REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
SYMMETRY
OVARY LOCATION
FLORAL DISTRIBUTION

8. A. anther; microsporangia. Cells 2n. B. Loculus (chamber) C
A. anther; microsporangia . Cells 2n B. Loculus (chamber) C. Tetrad stage, formed by meiosis I and II, begin to form n gametophyte. D. Mitotic division forms the microgametophyte or pollen. E. Ripening pollen grain: VN, = pollen tube nucleus,;GN (generative will divide into two sperm cells. F. Ripe pollen grain in outer cell wall, the exine. The grainy dark purple structure in the middle of the pollen grain is the vegetative nucleus. G. Diagram in 3 parts:

9. Development of a female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Key
to labels
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
Ovule
Integuments
Embryo
sac
Mega-
sporangium
Megasporocyte 2n
Micropyle
Antipodel
Cells (3)
Polar
Nuclei (2)
Egg (1)
Synergids (2)
multicellular f. Gametophyte by mitosis. The ovule = embryo sac + integuments from sporangium. 3
Female gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Diploid (2n) 2n
100 m
1 of the 4 cells from meiosis
becomes the megaspore.

10. Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization
??? Can you recognize the problem???
Stigma
Stigma
Anther
with
pollen
Pin flower
Thrum flower

11. Plant pollination self-incompatibility
Cell to cell recognition usually prevents pollen “germination”
Similar to recognition of self and non-self cells in animals
Involves a gene locus in angiosperms with many different alleles

12. Double Fertilization
1st, a pollen grain grows a pollen tube using 1 of its 2 nuclei
The other nucleus in the pollen divides whiles traveling down the tube

13. Of those 2 nuclei,
1 fertilizes the egg to make an embryo
The other fertilizes the 2 polar nuclei to make the endosperm

15. What the heck is endosperm?
Food for the ‘baby’ supplied by ‘ mom and dad’
In most monocots and some eudicots
Gives the developing embryo a food supply until it can makes its own
It’s the kernel in the corn
The center of the sunflower seed
It’s the part animals love to eat!

16. The embryo consists of the epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle, and cotyledons
Seed coat
Radicle
Epicotyl
Hypocotyl
Cotyledons

17. From Ovary to Fruit The ovary develops into the fruit, For protection
To aid in seed dispersal of seeds by wind or animals
For both

18. Pineapple inflorescence
Fruits are classified into several types
Depending on their developmental origin
Carpels
Flower
Ovary
Stamen
Stigma
Stamen
Ovule
Pea flower
Raspberry flower
Pineapple inflorescence
Carpel
(fruitlet)
Each
segment
develops
from the
carpel of
one flower
Stigma
Seed
Ovary
Stamen
Pea fruit
Raspberry fruit
Pineapple fruit
Simple fruit. A simple fruit
develops from a single carpel (or
several fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
(a)
Aggregate fruit. An aggregate fruit
develops from many separate
carpels of one flower (examples:
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).
(b)
Multiple fruit. A multiple fruit
develops from many carpels
of many flowers (examples:
pineapple, fig).
(c)

19. Seed dormancy allow seeds to wait for favorable conditions to begin to grow
The breaking of seed dormancy may require environmental cues, such as temperature or lighting cues, & here, freezing! WHY!?

20. imbibition initiates germination
From Seed to Seedling
imbibition initiates germination
Is the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed
Enough water to imbibe the seed signals a good environment to support the seeding

21. Monocots break out as …
The coleoptile grows through the endosperm, then the soil, then fosters 1st leaves
Foliage leaves
Coleoptile
Radicle

22. Asexual Reproductive Fragmentation
Is the separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants
Is one of the most common modes of asexual reproduction
Cuttings
Grafting
Stolons and rhizomes

23. Plant biotechnology has two meanings
It refers to innovations in the use of plants to makes plant products more useful to humans
It refers to the use of genetically modified (GM) organisms in agriculture and industry
Rosa rugosa

24. Maize Is a product of artificial selection by humans
Is a staple in many developing countries, but is a poor source of protein
Figure 38.14

25. Reducing World Hunger and Malnutrition
Genetically modified plants
Have the potential of increasing the quality and quantity of food worldwide
Ordinary rice
Genetically modified rice

26. Possible Effects on Nontarget Organisms
Many ecologists are concerned that the growing of GM crops
Might have unforeseen effects on nontarget organisms, including us!
They sidestep coevolution of organisms