1. Tissue Types in the Human
Epithelial
primarily used for protection
Connective
primarily used for support
Nerve
primarily used for control
Muscle
primarily used for movement

2. Epithelial Tissue Consists almost entirely of cells
One side always exposed to “free surface”:
body exterior
organ cavity
Cells have high regeneration potential *
Cells are avascular * …. (Perfusion)
Always attached to“Basement Membrane”
Basement Membrane
nonliving adhesive substance (Similar to Scotch® tape)
composed of connective tissue (collagen and glycoproteins)

3. Adjectives Describing Epithelial Tissue
Squamous (meaning “scale”) - flat cells
Cuboidal - cells as tall as they are wide
Columnar - tall and column shaped
Simple - having a single layer of cells
Stratified - having multiple or stacked layers
Transitional - dome shaped surface cells
Examples
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
permeable - used for filtration and exchange
examples: capillaries, alveoli, kidney glomeruli
STRATEFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
used for protection - basil cells may be cuboidal
examples: skin, inside of mouth

5. Kidney tubules, glands, lining of terminal bronchioles, etc.

6. Glands, bronchioles, stomach, intestines, bile ducts, etc.

7. Mouth, throat, esophagus, urethra, skin (keratinized)

8. Sweat gland ducts, salivary gland ducts, etc.

9. Mammary gland ducts, larynx, urethra (males)

10. Lines nasal cavity & sinuses, auditory tubes, trachea, bronchi

11. Bladder lining, ureters, and superior urethra

12. Connective Tissue
Matrix
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

13. Connective Tissue Matrix - “non-living” component of connective tissue
- Produced by cells of the connective tissue
Ground substance- mainly water plus adhesion proteins and carbohydrates
Fibers
Collagen, Elastin, and Reticular Fibers

14. Connective Tissue (cont.)
Cells - “living” component of connective tissue
“blast” cells (create), “cyte” cells (maintain), “clast” cells (remove)

15. Fibrous protein in connective tissue structure
Collagen Fibers
Fibrous protein in connective tissue structure

16. Fibers (cont.) Reticular Fibers: Actually very fine collagen fibers
Branch out to form a network
Fill “space” between other tissues & organs
Elastic Fibers:
Contain protein called “elastin”
Spring like properties
Can be compressed or distended

17. Types of Connective Tissue
Fibroconnective Tissue
Cartilage
Bone

18. Types of Connective Tissue
Fibroconnective tissue - matrix is mostly fibers
Areolar -”loose connective tissue” serves as “packing material” – Elastic & Collagen Fibers
basal membrane component (attaches skin to underlying structures)
separates muscles - allows for muscles to slide over each other
Adipose - highly vascular: insulator, shock absorber, & energy store
cells account for 90% of tissue mass (little matrix present): cells engorged with lipids
Reticular - fibers forming a soft internal skeleton for other tissues

19. Types of Connective Tissue
Fibroconnective Tissue (cont.)
Dense regular - contains closely packed parallel collagen fibers
found where tension is exerted in a particular direction
Examples: tendons, ligaments
Dense irregular - closely packed non-directional collagen
forms “sheets” where tension is exerted in many directions
Examples: dermis of skin, muscle fascia, organ & nerve coverings
Elastic - composed of mostly elastin fibers
Examples: vocal cords, ligamenta flava (vertebral connection tissue)

20. Areolar Tissue
Fibrocyte Nucleus
Collagen Fiber
Elastic Fiber

21. (arrow: adipocyte nucleus)
Adipose Tissue
200 X
(bv = blood vessel)
(arrow: adipocyte nucleus) bv

22. Reticular Tissue

23. Dense Regular Tissue (Tendons & Ligaments)
Horse Tendon x100
arrow: orientation of collagen fibers

24. Dense Irregular Tissue (Dermis of Skin & Muscle Fascia)

25. Types of Connective Tissue
Cartilage (cont.)
types of cartilage:
hyaline - tough & flexible - more matrix / fewer cells – serves as shock absorber
covers ends of long bones (articular cartilage)
forms “skeleton” of trachea and bronchi
fibrocartilage - less firm than hyaline - more cells and fibers
similar in structure to dense regular tissue (tendon)
transitional tissue between tendon and articular hyaline cartilage
forms intervertebral disks and spongy knee menisci
elastic - contains more elastin fibers
forms ear pinna & epiglottis

26. perichondrium on the left
Hyalin Cartilage X 250
arrows: Perichondrial borders
Hyaline Cartilage
perichondrium on the left
chondrocytes form in the perichondrium and move out into the tissue

27. Fibrocartilage

28. (note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)
Elastic Cartilage
(note numerous chondrocytes and elastic fibers)

29. Types of Connective Tissue
Bone - matrix mostly calcium and phosphate
65% of bone weight is calcium hydroxyapatite
calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate
highly vascular and well innervated
functions in mineral storage and blood cell production

30. Cross Section of Cortical Bone Osteons

31. Blood Blood components formed elements (cells and platelets)
red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
Matrix- Plasma and soluble fibers

32. Macrophage: box
Pedicle for locomotion: arrow
Monocytes

33. Basophil: large arrow
Neutrophil: small arrow
Eisonophil: arrow

34. Nervous Tissue Branching cells with many long processes
Large central nucleus
Transmit impulses from one area of the body to other areas
Regulate activities through neuron impulses

35. Nervous Tissue

36. Muscle Tissue

37. Skeletal muscle