1. WW1 and WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

2. Between who?
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
Allied or Entente Powers: UK, France, Russia, Italy (first in Central Powers), USA (later)

3. Fronts in the WW I The Western Front (West of Germany)
The Eastern Front (East of Germany)
Northern Italy
Balkans
Ottoman Empire
Colonies

4. WW1 and Ottoman Empire Allied powers and the Ottomans
Germans and Ottomans
Why did the OE want to ally with Central Powers?
Why did Germany want to ally with the OE?
Jihad
1914: Agreement of Alliance with Germany
1914: “Goeben and Breslau”

6. Ottoman Fronts in WWI Gallipoli Caucasus Middle East Dardanelles
Sarıkamış Defeat
Armenian Question
1917 Bolshevick Revolution
Middle East
Arab Revolt and Lawrence of Arabia

7. End of WW1 Mudros Armistice (30 Oct 1918) :
Ottoman units in occupied areas would surrender
Demobilization and disarmament of the army
Control of all communications and strategic sites are transferred to Entente powers
Article 7: Entente powers are given the right to occupy territories in case their security is threatened by an internal disorder
Article 24: The Entente powers were given the right to intervene militarily in Armenian provinces when law and order are under threat

9. Situation of Ottoman Empire after WWI
Due to loss of the War CUP members left the Ottoman empire.
Teskilat-i Mahsusa
Karakol
Parliament is closed down and Damat Ferit Paşa was appointed as the Grand Vizier.
New parties & civil society organizations
Hurriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi (reorganized)
Teceddut Firkasi (Renovation Party)( )
Osmanli Hurriyetperver ve Avam Firkasi (Fethi Okyar) (Ottoman Liberal People’s Party)(dissident unionists)

10. After WWI İssue of western mandate
Defense of Rights Organizations (Mudafa-I Hukuk Cemiyetleri)
Greek occupation of Izmir
Kuvay-i Milliye forces
Regional congresses (Balikesir-Alasehir-Trabzon)

11. Damat Ferit Paşa

12. Mustafa Kemal
Kazım Karabekir

13. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
Amasya Circular
Erzurum Congress (23 July-7 August 1919)
Representative Committee
Sivas Congress (4-11 September)
Formation of Anatolia and Rumelia Defence of Rights Organization
National Pact (Misak-i Milli)
(Wilsonian principle of self-determination)

14. National Pact (Misak-i Milli)
“The territories inhabited by an Ottoman Muslim majority formed an indivisible whole.”
It left the settlement of the status of Arab provinces that were under foreign occupation to the vote of their population. A plebiscite was suggested for Kars, Ardahan and Batum, as well as Western Thrace.

15. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
Vahdettin appointed Ali Rıza Paşa as grand vizier (hope to open up a channel of dialogue with the resistance) – his government decided to hold elections
New Parliament (Last Ottoman Parliament) :
Felah-ı Vatan group in the Parliament

16. Struggle: September 1919-December 1920
12 Jan 1920 – The parliament accepted Misak-ı Milli
Formal occupation of Istanbul by allied forces (British)
Formation of Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara (23 April 1920)

17. Sevres Treaty (10 August 1920)
An independent Armenia and an autonomous Kurdistan in the east
Aegean islands and Eastern Thrace were given to Greece
Izmir was put under Greek administration, its future to be decided with a plebiscite within 5 years
Italian and French zones were confirmed in accordance with wartime agreements
International control and demilitarization of the Straits
Size of the Ottoman army limited and put under Allied control
All financial matters of the Empire to be decided by an Allied commission
Capitulations to be reinstated

19. Ottoman delegation at Sevres: Rıza Tevfik, Damat Ferit Paşa, Hadi Paşa, Reşid Halis

20. Reaction to Sevres and the Following Developments
Ankara rejected Sevres
Damat Ferit Paşa resigned
Impact of Sevres on the resistance movement
Military success in the Eastern Front
Gumru Treaty with Armenia---Ankara’s first agreement (December 1920)
Reorganizing the regular army in the west

21. Eastern Border

22. Further Legitimization of GNA
Strengthening M.Kemal’s authority, reorganizing regular army
Law on Fugitives (Independence Tribunals)
The Law of Fundamantal Organization (Teskilat-I Esasiye Kanunu), January 1921
“Sovereignty belongs unconditionally to the milllet”
“The executive and legislative functions are combined in the Grand National Assembly as the rue and sole representative of the millet.”

23. War for Independence 1&2 İnönü Battles Sakarya (August-September 1921)
Dumlupınar-Büyük Taarruz
Mudanya Armistice (October 1922)
Domestic Power Struggles
Defence of the Rights Group vs Second Group

24. Border agreements Gumru-Armenia (December 1920)
Moscov –Soviet Union (March 1921)
Treaty of Friendship (July 1921)
Ankara Treaty-France (October 1921)

25. Lausanne Negotiations
Peace Talks in Laussanne
Calling of Istanbul government and GNA
Abolition of the Ottoman Sultanate (1 November 1922)
Second Group and its criticism in the parliament and new elections

26. Vahidettin and Abdulmecid

27. The Turkish Delegation

28. Lausanne Treaty Turkey as a sovereign geo-political entity
Twice the size of the territory envisaged in Sevres three years earlier
Mosul remained a contested region
Capitulations were abolished
Turkey assumed the bulk of the Ottoman debt to European states
Demilitarization of the Straits and Dardanelles and International Commission
Population exchange , Islamization of Anatolia completed