1. Canada’s People
Canada is the 2nd largest country in the world in terms of physical size.
Regardless of its size, Canada’s population is quite small.
Many factors influence where people choose to live.
Ex. Climate/weather, vegetation, attractions, etc.

2. Canada’s Human Landscape
Geographers study population in a number of different ways.
1. Population Distribution
2. Population Density
3. Site and Situation
4. Settlement Patterns

3. Population Distribution
Population Distribution: where people have chosen to live in a particular country. Ex. Some choose to live near the ocean, forest, etc. (See fig. 3.2 pg. 43)
Where is most of Canada’s Population distributed?
Along the southern Canadian border

4. Archipelago Effect: A pocket of settlements (They resemble little islands throughout the forest, tundra, etc.)
Some geographers use the term Archipelago Effect to describe population distribution because it refers to how settlements are spread out like islands, not in the water but in little pockets spread over the country.
The population of Canada is spread out over 7200km from east to west.

5. Population Density: a tool used by geographers to analyze how closely together people live in a certain area. (The average number of people occupying an area).
To find the population density you divide the number of people by the size of the area.
Population of Canada=
Size of Canada=9,984,670 km2
/ =3.4

6. Canada has about 3.4 people per square Km.
Netherlands has 400 people per square Km.
Does this mean that Canada’s population is small?
How can this calculation tool be misleading?

7. Site and Situation Factors pg. 45
Site factors include:
Physical landscape
Fertile soil
Abundant trees
Plentiful fish
Presence of minerals
Situation factors include:
Economy
Trade
Markets
Transportation
Political

8. Settlement Patterns pg. 46-47
Different groups of peoples settled in different parts of NA, sometimes for specific reasons.

9. The Innu lived mainly inland to make use of the large caribou herds while the Inuit lived near the sea to harvest resources from the sea.
First nations continue to live in their original areas today, although they face many challenges.

10. European settlers were attracted by site and situation factors to the same areas that had attracted the First Nations before them.
Many First Nations were forced to relocate (move to another area) by the europeans. (NL, NB, PEI, NS etc)
First Nations were often forced off of their land by the Europeans and had to move to land that had fewer resources.
Europeans who settled in the Maritimes farmed on fertile land and fished near the sea.

11. In France people wanted to settle near the rivers which provided a major means of transportation.
The Seigneurial System was a system used in France which involved long, narrow lots facing rivers. (QB) This allowed for access to the roads when they were built.

12. In Ontario, access to rivers for transport was less important
In Ontario, access to rivers for transport was less important. The British were familiar with the Township System, so they used it there.
The Township System consists of square blocks of land (approx 100 acres). (Used mostly in Ontario)

13. Sections were used in the prairies which consisted of 640 acres divided into quarter sections. (AB, MB, SK)
Over time, climate and economics caused farmers to either expand or leave.

14. Growth and Decline of Settlements
During confederation in 1867, Canada was largely an agricultural area.
1800’s- Great Lakes Area was a prime spot due to fertile land, and favourable climate, site and situation factors. This is how Montreal, Toronto and Hamilton developed.
Atlantic Canada and West Coast (BC) promoted fishing, lumbering, and shipbuilding. That’s why we have port cities like St. John’s, Halifax and Saint John.
Farming was confined to small pockets of land which had fertile soil in valleys and river deltas.
See pg. 49 – Fig. 3.9 – Halifax’s growth over time.

15. As our culture began to progress, settlements provided farmers in an area with things such as markets where they could sell their products.
In the Great Lakes regions, canals, roads and railways provided transportation and encouraged greater agricultural growth.
As farms became more prosperous, eventually towns grew into cities.

16. Classifying Communities
Today we can classify Canada’s communities into groups that reflect their growth or decline over the years.
Classify- To arrange things or ideas into groups based on shared qualities.
Reflect on NL- We can see how some places are growing and some are declining. Most communities are constantly in a state of change.
Figure 3.10 p. 50- Urbanization in Canada

17. One way to classify communities is by the services they provide- Villages only provide limited services like general stores with limited products, gas stations and maybe a school and post office.

18. Villagers have to travel to other communities for High Schools, hospitals, large stores, museums, colleges and small shopping centres.

19. Growth and Decline of Settlements
In 1881 ¾ Canadians lived in rural areas(Outside of towns or cities, example – Traytown)
Primary industries in rural areas are agriculture, forestry, fishing or mining.
After the industrial revolution (1900’s) more and more people moved to urban areas (towns with 1000 or more people/cities, example – Gander)
The movement of people from rural to urban is called: rural to urban drift. Sometimes this can occur between provinces. For example, Ontario was once the hot spot for skilled trades jobs, now it is …..?

20. Industrial revolution- The transition from an economy based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing.
Rural to urban drift- The movement of people from areas of lower population densities into towns and cities.
Urbanization- The process by which a rural area becomes urban.

21. By 1939 more than half of Canada’s population lived in urban areas.
Entire communities based on agriculture, fishing, mining etc. have become ghost towns.
Other communities have lost population because of the loss of the railway or relocation of highways.
It is difficult for rural regions to survive when so many people are moving into cities and towns. Services decline due to population decline, and then people move away due to lack of services.

22. Census History Year Population 1951 926 1961 1,186 1971 6,847 1981
31,000
1991
34,706
2001
38,667
2006
47,705
2010
76,797
Fur Trade in 1700’s
Oil was noticed in late 1800’s
Some cities/towns in Canada have become “Ghost Towns” after the resources were depleted.

23. Global Perspectives: Mega Cities
Mega Cities: massive urban areas that are so large that city life becomes difficult to sustain.
Sao Paulo
Shanghai
Mexico City
Mumbai (Once called BomBay)
People face:
Poverty
Poor water and air quality
Traffic congestion
Inadequate services (electricity, water, sewage, etc)

24. Canada: A Regional Perspective p. 52
Regional analysis is a tool used by geographers.
It involves breaking a whole into parts to help investigate and understand.
Although they may vary within a region, characteristics of regions can be broken down into:
Location
Physical and cultural characteristics
Political perspective
Hierarchy

25. Location- Communities within the same region will share a geographic location, usually expressed with a regional name: Ex. Atlantic Canada
Physical and cultural characteristics- Regions have specific boundaries and cultural characteristics. Ex. The physical location of the Prairies makes it different from the Canadian shield.
Political perspective- Political boundaries are not the same as physical ones. Ex. Southern Ontario shares physical characteristics with the US, but there are political differences.
Hierarchy- Regions that have smaller regions within them.

26. Core and Periphery
The core is the nucleus of a geographic region. It is the most developed area, greatest wealth, and highest population density. Example: St. Anthony
The periphery is all other areas outside the core. Sometimes referred to as “hinterland”. Example: Goose Cove, Raleigh

27. Refer to table 3.14 p. 56
What is the main function of the following areas?
Toronto?
Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo?
St. John’s?
Victoria?
Saskatoon?
Calgary?

28. Regional Identities
Historical and cultural legacies influence the identity of an area. For example, the timber trade of the 1800’s in northern NB, QB, and Ont. Promoted the image of the lumberjack once thought of as a man with a plaid jacket and toque, now there is modern equipment
Log Drivers Waltz ( A NL Spin) –show after next slide k

29. Past Present

30. Sometimes regional identities can create stereotypes
Sometimes regional identities can create stereotypes. Stereotypes can be inaccurate, reflect narrow or biased views, and promote political and cultural strife (awkwardness).
Use the chart provided by your teacher to describe the stereotypes for:
Fisherman
Loggers
Newfoundlanders
Main landers
Townies
Groups
Stereotypes
Fisherman
Loggers
Newfoundlanders
Main Landers
Townies