1. India
Unit III

2. Place to Identify on your Map
Eastern and Western Ghats; Himalayan Mountains; Hindu-Kush Mountains; Khyber Pass; Deccan Plateau; Thar Desert; Indo – Gangetic Plain; Ganges River; Indus River; Brahamaputra River; Bay of Bengal; Arabian Sea; Indian Ocean; Sri Lanka; Pakistan; Bangladesh; China; Nepal; Bhutan; Kashmir
New Delhi; Calcutta; Madras; Bombay; Karachi; Dhaka; Benares

3. Geography Notes Location
Triangle that juts southward from Asia
North: Hindu-Kush and Himalayan Mts.
South: Arabian Sea
West: Arabian Sea
East: Bay of Bengal
Subcontinent – landmass smaller than a continent

4. Geography Mountains: Himalayas: tallest mountain range in the world
Mt. Everest – highest mountain in the world
Hindu-Kush: Khyber Pass makes movement between the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia
Protection from weather and invaders; cause for great weather problems as well

5. Geography Plains – benefit from three rivers meeting Rivers –
Indo-Gangetic: Pakistan to Bangladesh
Fertile land to grow crops
Rivers –
Ganges: most holy river – starts in Himalayas and meets Brahamaputra in Bangladesh
Indus (means river): longest, earliest civilization started in its valley

6. Geography Desert – Thar
Herding and grazing of sheep and goats
Monsoons – seasonal winds and rain dominate India’s climate
Cycle:
May to June – Wet (rain)
October – Dry (winds)
Key to life for farmers: if late tiny plants die and famine; if early too much rain and famine

7. Conclusion:
Regionalism: geographic features have tended to isolate and separate people
This can lead to disunity which leads to……
Which leads to ……

8. Imperialism
Early 1700’s Mughals loose their power and the British East India Company begins to take over the trading and the empire

9. Brightest Jewel of the Crown
Large amounts of land
Raw materials of:
Tea
Indigo (dye)
Cotton
Coffee
Opium (very beneficial)

10. While Ruling India…. British introduce education and law
Gave them a European Education
Introduced European Law and Government jobs – bureaucracy
Rid India of its uncivilized industry and way of life

11. British Improve India Railroad system Roadways
Telegraph and Telephone Lines
Dams, Bridges, and canals
Sanitation and public health systems
End of local warfare with competing rulers

12. Problems East India Company becomes unpopular (1850s)
Sepoy Rebellion – 1857
Hindu and Muslim soldiers
Turning point

13. Crown Takes over… As a result: Indian is now officially a possession
Increased distrust of British

14. Strength to Superiority
Rather than use their power for good, the British use their power to rule over the people of India and concern themselves with only their concerns and not the Indians

15. Negative Aspects
Cottage industries were ended and the British instituted more industrial forms of production
Cash crops were the focus – leading to famine in the late 1800s
Superiority becomes racism

16. Desperate Times call for…
Tired by oppression and discrimination the Indians develop a strong sense of nationalism - pride and loyalty to one’s country
Desperate measures:
Indian National Congress (1855)
Muslim League (1906)
Push for changes and self government

17. Gandhi Packet Map – Mostly Muslim: E & W Pakistan Mostly Hindu: India
Mostly Sikh: Kashmir
Mostly Buddhist: China and Nepal

18. Indian Nationalism
The majority of support came from the middle caste – that were educated in the European System
WWI ( ) spurs the push for independence
If we can fight we can lead
We were promised more self-government if we fought.
Like any other region in the world??????

19. Indian Nationalism Since the mid-1700s GB had controlled India
Nearly 3 million Indians had fought in World War I
They had been promised more self-government
After the War, Britain did not fulfill their promises of less control
Britain continued their domination and sometimes brutal tactics

20. Amritsar Massacre – Boiling Point
Britain responds with a series of new laws
Limited freedom of the press and other rights
Outlawed all public meetings (British are scared)

21. Amritsar Massacre – Boiling Point
Nationalists defy the British and 10,000 Indians gather in the public courtyard of Amritsar (April 13, 1919)
British troops are ordered to fire on the crowd without ANY warning

22. Amritsar Massacre – Boiling Point
Mass chaos – no where to escape the bullets
After the firing ended over 370 were killed and 1200 were injured – included children and women
Massacre was the last straw – Indians needed to rid their country of British rule!

23. Mohandas Ghandi Who was he?
Leader who united the Indian Nationalist movement (He helped India gains its independence)
From a Middle Class Hindu family
Lawyer

24. Mohandas Ghandi
Believed in SARYAGRAHA “truth force” or nonviolent resistance.
Non-violence is also called Civil Disobedience – refusal to obey unjust laws
Believed the only way to get more respect from the people who hate you is to use non-violence

25. An eye for an eye will only make the whole world blind.
Boycotting – refusal to buy British goods
Peaceful
Demonstrations
Hunger Strike
Homespun Movement
NO British fabric
The Salt March
British tax on Salt
200 mile march
Hunger Strike
Protested Westernization and British rule

26. India’s Independence… from British Rule
How?
Ghandi played a major role
Using non-violent resistance
AKA? Meaning?
Results?
India gained independence in 1947

27. Indian Independence Results? 1) India gained independence in 1947
Gandhi murdered by a Hindu extremist in 1948
First Prime Minister of India in 1947 was Jawaharlal Nehru – fought for a secular India one without the caste system
2) Muslim and Hindu Conflict increases

28. Muslim and Hindu Conflict
Most Indians were Hindu, but there was a minority of Muslim (ie Muslim League)
Tensions brew and each want their own independent India
How it was solved? – partitioned India into a Muslim (Pakistan) and a Hindu (India)

29. Muslim Hindu Conflict Escalates
Mass Migration – 15 million people moved to their respective religious country
Death and disputes got worse
There are still disputes today between the countries.
Border Disputes; nuclear threats
Today India is the largest Hindu nation with 1 billion people today

30. Modern Politics Nehru dynasty of Prime Ministers
1966 Indira Gandhi became PM, assassinated in 1984
1984 Rajiv Gandhi became PM, assassinated in 1991
Worked to modernize India and end the caste system