1. Lecture 12 Web: pollev.com/ucibio Text: To: 37607
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2. Lecture 12 objectives Be able to identify carbohydrates
Know the different kinds of isomers
Know the differences between the linear and cyclic forms of CHO
Understand glycosidic bonds
Understand how polysaccharide structure and function are related
Identify and apply common principles behind CHO and Protein structure formation
Know basic structure and functions of protein glycosylation

3. Carbs - Isomers Carbohydrates = HUGE Diversity “Isomers”
- Constitutional/Structural
- Stereo
- Enantiomers
- Diastereomers
- Epimers
- Anomers

4. Carbohydrate diversity increased by cyclization!

5. Carbohydrate diversity increased by cyclization!

6. Functions of carbs: Energy
Circulating ___________ for energy
Other sugars used for energy?
Stored as polysaccharides
LARGE, branched or unbranched forms
- Created by specific enzymes
- Broken down by specific enzymes
Why polysaccharides?

7. Why polysaccharides? Upload to Canvas – “Polysaccharides”
Midnight tonight

8. Bond rotation = structure!

9. Functions of carbs: Structure

10. Functions of carbs: Storage

11. Functions of carbs: Structure, function

12. Changing CHO functional groups

13. Glycoproteins Carbohydrates can be joined to proteins (Asn, Ser, Thr)
Specific tissues/organisms = Specific modifications

14. Biological relevance of glycosylation
Blood group antigen protein = Same!
Specific antibodies can bind

15. Proteoglycans contain more carbs than protein!
Contain glycosaminoglycans
Incredibly diverse & complex
Keratan, Chondroitin, Dermatan, Hyaluronate, etc.

16. Proteoglycans = Protein + Glycosaminoglycans

17. Proteoglycans Can be upto 95% glycosaminoglycan! Many roles:
- Cushioning
- Lubricative
- ECM
Eg. 1: Aggrecans + Hyaluronan in cartilage

18. Cushioning

19. Proteoglycans Can be upto 95% glycosaminoglycan! Many roles:
- Cushioning
- Lubricative
- ECM
Eg. 1: Aggrecans + Hyaluronan in cartilage
Eg. 2: ECM

20. ECM

21. Carbohydrates & Lectins
Specific carbohydrates/patterns recognized
No glycosylation = No recognition
Different glycosylation = No recognition
No recognition = ?

22. Carbohydrates & Lectins

23. Protein recognition Function of lysosome? -
- Degradative enzymes must get to lysosome!
Proteins made?
- How to “target”?
Specific glycosylation pattern “mails” proteins to lysosome
No glycosylation = ?

24. Protein recognition
No glycosylation = ?

25. I-Cell disease Protein stuck. Effects?
Glycosaminoglycans, etc. form Inclusions in lysosome
Degradative enzymes in blood & urine
I-cell disease