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The Age of Jacksonian Democracy
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The Expansion of Democracy
Full manhood suffrage impacted politics Eastern states extended the vote to limit westward migration Common men were more easily elected Changed the nature of politics and increased the role of the political party
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Election of 1824 End of the “Era of Good Feeling” 4 candidates
John Quincy Adams—North William Crawford—South Henry Clay—West Andrew Jackson—West People voted along sectional lines
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Election of 1824 continued House of Reps must choose among the top 3 vote-getters Adams supported a nationalist agenda Similar to Clay’s American System Clay finished 4th and supports Adams Jackson finished first—expected to win Clay becomes Secretary of State Jackson supporters: “A Corrupt Bargain”
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Revival of the 2 Party System
Democrats split in two over sectional differences National Republicans Whigs Led by Clay and Adams Sought broad support but appealed mainly to the wealthy Democrats Led by Jackson Greater democracy less central government Supported by the “common man”
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Adams as President Background and character
Jackson supporters criticized him from the beginning Supported internal improvements Concerned about Native Americans
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Election of 1828 Began in 1825 Mudslinging Jackson wins in a landslide
Adams—aristocratic hypocrite Jackson—adulterer Jackson wins in a landslide Critics of Jackson called his election the rise of “King Mob” Increased voter turnout Supporter of slavery
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Jacksonian Democracy Inauguration
Open the political process to more people Jackson: The man Born poor Self educated Became a lawyer and a judge Gained wealth Owned a plantation and slaves
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Jackson vs. Jefferson The people should govern
Agricultural and rising industrial Expanded democracy Capable, well-educated leaders should govern in the people’s interest Agricultural society Limited democracy to politics
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Jacksonian Democracy cont.
Democracy in the presidential elections View of the president Jackson’s enemies called him “King Veto” Spoils system Kitchen Cabinet
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The trouble with tariffs
Tariff of 1828—Tariff of Abominations Never expected to pass Adams signs it Opposition—neither Adams nor Jackson pay attention to the South during their respective administrations Tariff believed to be unconstitutional and recommended nullification
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Tariff of 1832 Reduced rates by 10%--still protective
Special SC convention VP John C. Calhoun wrote the SC Exposition “tyranny of the majority” Calhoun became SC spokesman in the Senate Jackson threatened to use force Congress passes the Force Bill Clay proposed a compromise tariff SC rescinded its nullification ordinance and the crisis subsided
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Jackson and the Bank A declaration of War
Second BUS chartered in 1816 Biddle—1823 Jackson opposed the bank Reasons for opposition Banks are tools of the rich Restricted paper money Biddle made loans to Anti-Jackson politicians
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Clay and Biddle Sought to recharter four years early Jackson vetoes
Removes funds Places them in pet banks Wildcat banks created Increase $ in circulation Loans increase 400% Inflation rises
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More on the Bank States borrowed $ increasing their debt
To check inflationary spiral Jackson the Specie Circular Required gold and silver to purchase federal land Led to the Panic of 1837
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The Peggy Eaton Affair Martin Van Buren was the only sharp cabinet member Secretary of War—Eaton– had married Peggy Eaton Mrs. Calhoun snubbed Mrs. Eaton and the President Van Buren became hand-picked successor Calhoun left the VP job and his followers left as well
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Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal
US signed then ignored treaties Indian disunity hampered resistance Creation of the BIA (1824) Agents controlled trade Some attempts to assimilate
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Andrew Jackson and Indian Removal
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia John Marshall (1831) “domestic dependent nation” Trail of Tears Resettlement Isolated resistance Black Hawk War Seminoles
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Whig Party Established in 1834
Coalition of opponents of “Jacksonian Tyranny” National Republicans—Webster and Clay Not as strong in the South Want a more active national government Clay’s American System
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Whig Party & the Election of 1836
Anti-Masonic Party—8% of the vote in 1832 1836—Martin Van Buren ran against 4 Whig candidates Less government was better Whigs got many votes Country fell into a panic in 1837 Blamed largely on Jackson’s bank policy Drop in money coming from Britain—cotton prices fell followed by bond prices
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Election of 1840 Van Buren is blamed for doing nothing to stimulate the economy Number of eligible voters had increased Martin Van Buren was defeated for reelection by William Henry Harrison (first Whig candidate) Log Cabin and Hard Cider campaign had popular appeal Songs, parades and negative campaigning Within a month Harrison was dead and Tyler succeeded him as president Tyler follows a policy that is more like Jackson
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