1. The Panic of 1819
CAUSES???

2. The Panic of 1819 Consequences????? Over-speculation on Western lands
Imbalance of trade with Great Britain (drains country of gold)
Bank of US forces western satellite banks to foreclose on Western farms
Won’t allow payment in paper money
Demands payment in gold or silver (specie)
Farmers don’t have specie, lose farms, some sent to DEBTOR’S PRISON!!!!!!!!
Consequences?????

3. Missouri Statehood: The Tallmadge Amendment
All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed at the age of 25.
Passed by the House, not in the Senate.
The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block it in the Senate.

4. The Missouri Compromise and Slavery, 1820–1821

5. What foreign power was the most threatening?

6. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 Monroe Doctrine
What warning is given to the European countries?
What foreign policy principles are established?
Monroe Doctrine
What would the US do if the warning was not headed?

7. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain”

8. The Election of 1824: The “Corrupt Bargain”
Candidate
Popular Vote
Electoral Vote
Andrew Jackson
43% 99
J.Q. Adams
31% 84
William Crawford
13% 41
Henry Clay 37

9. The Age of Jackson

10. What were the
democratic
trends
in the 19c?

11. Voting Requirements in the Early 19c

12. Voter Turnout:

13. Why Increased Democratization?
White male suffrage increased
Party nominating committees/conventions-replaced caucus system.
Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors—not the state legislature.
Spoils system-what’s that?
Rise of Third Parties-more choices, more democracy
Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)
Two-party system returned in the 1832 election:
Dem-Reps Democrats (1828)
Natl. Reps.(1828)  Whigs (1832)  Republicans (1854)

14. Canvassing for a Vote, by George Caleb Bingham, 1852

15. Jackson's
Early
Life

16. Jackson’s Birthplace

17. Jackson’s First Residence in Tennessee

19. First Known Painting of Jackson, 1815

20. Jackson’s Duels

21. General Jackson- War Hero

22. The Battle of New Orleans, January, 1815

23. Jackson's
First
Presidential Run

24. The “Common Man’s” Presidential Candidate

25. William H. Crawford [GA]
Jackson’s Opponents in 1824
Henry Clay [KY]
John Quincy Adams [MA]
John C. Calhoun [SC]
William H. Crawford [GA]

26. Results of the 1824 Election
A “Corrupt Bargain?”

27. What were
the key issues
in 1828?

28. Election of 1828-Key Issues:
The Tariff—raised to 45% during the J.Q.A.’s presidency. The South in particular is ticked off.
Jackson believed the Federal government a haven for the wealthy—detached from common folks
Jackon sought to reduce the role of government in favor of states rights
Jackson hated Henry Clay’s “American System.
Jackson thought the tariff was too high, but supported the federal government’s right to enforce it.
In spite of the above, Jackson was a strong unionist and nationalist—he ultimately supported federal supremacy over the states.

29. Jackson’s Faith in the “Common Man”
Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.
His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”
Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.

30. Rachel Jackson
Final Divorce Decree

31. Jackson in Mourning for His Wife

32. 1828 Election Results

33. Vice President John C. Calhoun

34. The Center of Population in the Country Moves WEST

35. The New “Jackson Coalition”
The Planter Elite in the South
People on the Frontier
Immigrants in the cities.

36. The Reign of “King Mob”

37. Andrew Jackson as President

38. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

39. Peggy Eaton
Floride Calhoun
vs.

40. The
Nullification
Issue

41. The South Carolina Expostion-1828
What were Calhoun’s arguments and what were they really about?
What did he suggest South Carolina should do about the tariff?

42. Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
The Webster-Hayne Debate-Jan. 1830
Sen. Daniel Webster [MA]
Sen. Robert Hayne [SC]

43. Jefferson Day Toast-1830
Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.
Jackson: Our Federal Union—it must be preserved.
Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.

44. The
Tariff
Issue

45. 1832 Tariff Conflict 1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination”
> New tariff reduces the 1828 tariff somewhat.
South Carolina’s reaction?
Jackson’s response?
Clay’s “Compromise” Tariff?

46. What were long-term implications of the Nullification Crisis?

47. Jackson's
Native-American
Policy

48. Indian Removal Jackson’s Goal? 1830  Indian Removal Act
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) * “domestic dependent nation”
Worcester v. GA (1832)
Jackson: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it!

49. The Cherokee Nation After 1820

50. Indian Removal

51. Trail of Tears ( )

52. Jackson’s Professed “Love” for Native Americans

54. The Bank War-Renewing
the Charter
of the
2nd National Bank

55. Pros and Cons of the 2nd B.U.S.
Pro Bank
Anti Bank
Unconstitutional-Jefferson was right.
Favors the eastern financial and manufacturing elite.
Does nothing for the South and West except foreclose on farms.
Bank 4/5 privately owned. Private investors making profit on public $.
Responsible for Panic of 1819.
Trusted currency-paper money backed by “specie”.
Spurs economy by making currency and credit available
Safe depository for Federal funds collected from tariffs and taxes.

56. The National Bank Debate
President Jackson
Nicholas Biddle
Jackson’s main goal-divorce government from the economy. Essentially laissez-faire.

57. Jackson’s Use of Federal Power
VETO
1832  Jackson vetoes the Bank of the US re-charter.

58. The “Monster” Is Destroyed!
“Pet Banks”-Jackson starves the B.U.S. of funds and puts U.S. money in smaller state banks,
How does Biddle respond?
1832  Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd National Bank of the United States.
1836  the charter expired.
1841  the bank went bankrupt and dies!

59. The Downfall of “Mother Bank”

60. An 1832 Cartoon:
“King Andrew”?

61. 1832 Election Results
Main
Issue?

62. Jackson’s Second Term-Economic Problems Continue

63. The Specie Circular (1836)
“Wildcat Banks” in the west were unreliable. Issued worthless paper money that caused rapid inflation.
Speculators use that money to buy land. Their ultimate goal?
Jackson ticked. Federal land being purchased with worthless $. Proclaims all future federal land can be bought only with gold or silver.
Jackson’s goal?
Slow down inflation by stabilizing the value of currency.

64. But then 1836 Election Happens-Jackson retires without seeing the effect of the Specie Circular.

65. Andrew Jackson in Retirement

66. Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844 (one year before his death)

67. Jackson’s Legacy-Good or Bad?
Strong executive leadership
Champion of the common man-changes presidential politics
Establishes the Democratic Party
Spoils system?
“King” Andrew?
Spoils system?
No BUS weakens the financial system
Ignores the Supreme Court with no consequence
Trail of Tears
Nullification Crisis increases sectionalism

68. The 1836 Election Results
Martin Van Buren
“Old Kinderhook” [O. K.]

69. Don’t celebrate, Mr. President because of. . .

70. The Results of the Specie Circular
Wildcat banks stop issuing paper money-call in loans to be paid in hard currency.
Not enough hard currency available now that B.U.S. so weak. Wildcat banks close
Credit not available-Federal deposits spread too thin in Pet Banks.
Factories and businesses began to fail-can’t get credit.
Unemployment rose.
Tariff collections and land sales plummet.
Businesses and individuals can’t repay bank loans-more banks, including Pet Banks, fail and close.
Ultimate Outcome?

71. Panic of 1837 !

72. What Triggered the Panic of 1837?
Two big British banks failed, causing British investors to call in loans lent to American banks.
The American banks didn’t have the cash, so they closed, taking people and business’s deposits with them.

73. The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!

74. Van Buren’s Response The Independent Treasury System (Divorce Bill)
Convinced the Panic caused by federal $ being given to private banks.
Wanted to “divorce” the gov. from private business
Put federal deposits in “safe” banks in N.Y. and Philly-out of circulation
Result-credit dries up, depression worsens

75. The Election
of 1840

76. DEMS --> Martin Van Buren
Favored the following policies:
weak central government
states’ rights
No tariffs=free trade
equal economic opportunity for white males
Opposed the following:
national bank,
protective tariffs, and
high land prices
monopolies
Supporters-
Southerners
Westerners
small farmers
urban workers
Immigrants (Catholics in particular)

77. DEMS-->Richard Mentor Johnson, VP

78. WHIGS --> William Henry Harrison
Favored the American System, or a national bank, high tariffs, internal improvements
Opposed spoils system, immorality, vice, and crime, which it blamed on immigrants, particularly Catholics
Supporters-
Wealthy northern industrialists and merchants
Protestants
Middle class urban professionals (lawyers, merchants, etc.)
Southern states rightists angry at Jackson’s stand on nullification
Anti-Masonic Party types
Essentially anyone opposed to Jackson

79. WHIGS --> John Tyler, VP What was his background?

80. Van Buren Taking the Blame for His Own and Jackson's Monetary Policies

81. “Tippecanoe, and Tyler, Too!”

82. “Log Cabin” Campaign Pin, 1840

83. “Log Cabin & Cider” Campaign

84. “Stop That Barrel”

85. William Henry Harrison Campaign Song
“Tip and Tye” (Words and Music by "A member of the Fifth Ward Club“, published 1840)
What has caus'd this great com-mo-tion, mo-tion, mot-ion our coun-try through, It is the ball that's rol-ling on, For Tip-pi-ca-noe, and Ty-ler too,
For Tip-pi-ca-noe, and Ty-ler too, And with them we'll beat lit-tle Van, Van, Van is a us'd up man, And with them we'll beat lit-tle Van.

86. 1840 Election Results