1. Introduction
Chapter Introduction
This chapter will introduce you to Conflicts and Crusades. You will learn about rising tensions among different power groups and the battles over religious differences during the Middle Ages.
Section 1: Popes and Rulers
Section 2: Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Section 3: Religious Crusades
Section 4: Christians and Muslims in Spain

2. Popes and Rulers
Academic Vocabulary
authority—n., control Parents have authority over their children.
occupy—v., to take up or fill up space Soon a new restaurant will occupy that empty building.

3. Popes and Rulers
Key Ideas
In the 1000s and 1100s, both the popes and the German emperors claimed authority in Europe.
During the later Middle Ages, popes and monarchs competed for power.

4. Key Ideas In England and France, strong monarchies emerged.
Popes and Rulers
Key Ideas
In England and France, strong monarchies emerged.

5. Popes and Rulers
Key Terms
secular—non-Church; related to worldly rather than spiritual matters
excommunicate—to exclude a person from a church or a religious community
pilgrimage—a journey undertaken to worship at a holy place
Students should use the Word Wise feature in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

6. Popes and Rulers
Pope Versus Emperor
King Henry IV and Pope Gregory II struggled over who should have the right to appoint bishops.
Pope Gregory issued rules asserting his authority over Church and state.
When Henry ignored Gregory’s rules, the pope excommunicated him.
To regain his subjects’ support, Henry traveled to Italy to seek Gregory’s forgiveness.
Encourage students to add information about each event.

7. Changes in France and England
Popes and Rulers
Changes in France and England
Philip II Augustus became known as “King of France” rather than “King of the Franks.”
Philip II named new officials and gained power over the church.
The English monarchy also grew more powerful.

8. Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Academic Vocabulary
transform—v., to change The invention of the light bulb transformed society.
military—adj., having to do with the armed forces The military protects our country from attack.
Tell students to use the Academic Vocabulary or high-use words to review terms they may encounter in the section. If they are unfamiliar with the words, they should read the definitions and practice by using them in sentences.

9. Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Key Ideas
The Norman Conquest transformed the history and culture of England.
Magna Carta limited the monarch’s power and helped establish rights Americans enjoy today.

10. Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Key Ideas
Over time, England developed a representative government under a limited monarchy.

11. Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Key Terms
Magna Carta—a document signed by King John in 1215 that restricted the power of kings and established basic rights, such as rule of law and trial by jury
common law—a body of law that has developed from custom and judges’ decisions
habeas corpus—a legal practice that prevents secret arrests and imprisonment without trial
Students should use the Word Wise feature for Section 2 of the Conflicts and Crusades chapter in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

12. Key Terms writ—a court order
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Key Terms
writ—a court order
parliament—an assembly of representatives who make laws
Students should use the Word Wise feature in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

13. Events Leading Up to Invasion
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Events Leading Up to Invasion
The death of Edward the Confessor set off a struggle for the English throne.
Harold Godwin, a powerful English noble, expected to become king of England.
The Duke of Normandy also claimed the throne.
Harold fought off a Norwegian invasion in the north.
Norman invaders defeated Harold’s tired army at Hastings in the south.

14. Key Dates During King John’s Reign
Kings, Nobles, and the Magna Carta
Key Dates During King John’s Reign
1199 John becomes king of England.
1204 By this date, King John has lost control of most of the French lands he once claimed.
1215 English barons force King John to sign the Magna Carta.

15. Religious Crusades
Academic Vocabulary
establish—v., to set up The settlers plan to establish a new town.
region—n., area of land
The traders traveled through a mountainous region.

16. Key Ideas Europeans launched the Crusades to free the
Religious Crusades
Key Ideas
Europeans launched the Crusades to free the
Holy Land from Muslim control.
During the Crusades, persecution of Jews,
Muslims, and Christian heretics increased.

17. Religious Crusades
Key Ideas
The Crusades failed but had lasting economic and cultural effects.

18. Religious Crusades
Key Terms
Crusades—a series of military campaigns to establish Christian control over the Holy Land
heresy—a belief that is rejected by official Church teaching
Inquisition—a series of investigations designed to find and judge heretics
Students should use the Word Wise feature in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

19. Unleashing the First Crusade
Religious Crusades
Unleashing the First Crusade
Early 1000s Fatimid Arabs harass pilgrims and destroy churches.
Seljuk Turks take over Jerusalem.
Pope Urban II calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land.

20. Christians and Muslims in Spain
Academic Vocabulary
legal—adj., having to do with the law A lawyer is trained to give legal advice.

21. Key Ideas Muslims built a sophisticated society in medieval Spain.
Christians and Muslims in Spain
Key Ideas
Muslims built a sophisticated society in medieval Spain.
In the late Middle Ages, Christians drove Muslims and Jews from Spain and established a new kingdom.

22. Christians and Muslims in Spain
Key Terms
Iberian Peninsula—the peninsula where present-day Spain and Portugal are located
Moors—Muslims in Spain
Reconquista—or “Reconquest,” the movement to drive Muslims from Spain
Students should use the Word Wise feature in their Student Journal to explore Key Terms.

23. Christians and Muslims in Spain
A Medieval Oasis
The Iberian Peninsula came under Muslim control in the 700s.
In keeping with the Quran, Muslim rulers were tolerant of Christians and Jews.
The capital, Córdoba, became Europe’s largest city in the 900s.

24. Advance of the Christian Kingdoms
Christians and Muslims in Spain
Advance of the Christian Kingdoms
1085 Toledo is captured.
1139 Portugal becomes a separate, Christian Kingdom.
1236 Córdoba falls to the Christian Kingdoms.
1492 The city of Granada falls.

25. Persecution Under Ferdinand and Isabella
Christians and Muslims in Spain
Persecution Under Ferdinand and Isabella
The royal marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain’s largest Christian kingdoms.
Ferdinand and Isabella brought in Torquemada to head the Spanish Inquisition.
The Inquisition persecuted heretics, Jews, and Muslims.
More than 160,000 people were banished or fled from Spain.