1. Memory
Geddes
2015

2. Without Memory
Everyone would be a stranger, every language would be foreign, every task would be new, you wouldn’t even recognize yourself!

3. 3 steps of memory Encoding—getting information in
Storage—Keeping it there
Retrieval—getting it back out

4. Hermann Ebbinghaus Experiment
Rehearsal of nonsense syllables
JIH, BAZ, FUB, YOX, SUJ, XIR, DAX, LEQ, VUM, PID, KEL, WAV, TUV, ZOF, GEK, HIW
The amount remembered depends on the time spent rehearsing (duh).

5. The Forgetting Curve
This represents how much we forget over time if we make no attempt to retain (rehearse).

7. Concepts we should be familiar with already!
Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Short-term (Working) Memory
Long-term Memory
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing
Rehearsal
Attention

8. Spacing Effect Distributing study time produces better recall!
Cramming leads to quick forgetting
Testing effect—testing is a great way to improve memory, not just assess it.
LESSON—space out your study time and test yourself!

9. Serial Positioning Effect
Primacy effects—things at the beginning of a list are easier to remember
Recency effects—things at the end of a list are easier to remember
Stuff in the middle gets all mixed up and lost!

10. Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Imagery + Semantic encoding is VERY powerful!
We struggle to remember formulas, definitions, and dates, but it’s really easy to remember where we were yesterday, who was with us, where we sat, what we wore, etc…
Lesson: If you can make a memory visual, you’ll remember it better!

11. Guided tour method
Honey, dog food, sugar, oranges, ice cream, peanut butter, bread, pork chops, milk, and potato chips.
We begin in the kitchen and see honey dripping down into the toaster on the counter and a giant St. Bernard eating his dog food on top of the kitchen table. We proceed to the living room, where sugar is embedded in the shag carpet, oranges are under the sofa pillows, peanut butter is stuck between the piano keys, and ice cream is in the roaring fireplace. We proceed up the stairs, with a slice of bread on each step. Pork chops are floating in the bathtub, milk is tipped over on the dresser in the bedroom, and potato chips are stuck between the bed sheets.

12. Mnemonic Devices
Mnemonics are memory aids. They often involve vivid imagery and organizational devices
Pegword system
Keyword method
Organization
Chunking
Hierarchies
Method of Loci (the memory palace)

13. Chunking
423-19

14. Stuff you should know by now!
Memory
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory Memory
Short-term (Working) Memory
Long-term Memory
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing
Rehearsal
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Spacing Effect
Testing Effect
Serial Positioning Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Meaning/Context Effects
Visual Encoding
Acoustic Encoding
Semantic Encoding
Mnemonics
Chunking

15. Sensory Memory Large capacity Contains info from the senses
Brief retention
Iconic Memory—Visual, lasts up to ½ second
Echoic Memory—Auditory, lasts 3 to 4 seconds

16. Working/Short Term Memory
The stuff we encode from sensory goes to STM.
Events are encoded visually, acoustically or semantically.
Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds.
We recall digits better than letters.

17. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (non-declarative) memories

18. Explicit Memories
Episodic Memories
Semantic Memories

19. Hippocampus and Cerebellum
You need it to form explicit memories!
CEREBELLUM
Important in Implicit memories!

20. Implicit Memories
Procedural Memories
Conditioned Memories

21. Storing Memories Long Term-Potentiation
long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously.
In other words…they learn to fire together and get better at it…creating a memory.

22. Photographic Memory?
The ability to recall information as if you were currently experiencing it
There’s some controversy about this—some think it’s a myth
Mostly, it’s just a difference in how a person processes memories
Autistic Savants—rare, but some show some extraordinary memory ability

23. The Context Matters!!! Flashbulb Memories Mood Congruent Memory
State Dependent Memory

24. Constructive Memory Memories are not always what they seem.
Elizabeth Loftus
A constructed memory is a created memory.
Misinformation effect

25. Forgetting
Getting a new bus number and forgetting old bus number.
Retroactive Interference: new information blocks out old information.
Proactive Interference: old information blocks out new information.
Calling your new girlfriend by old girlfriends name.

26. Repression Freud’s Idea (motivated forgetting) Evidence? Not much
We can repress meaningless, neutral material, but not if it’s something emotional (abuse, trauma, etc…)
Encoding failure/Retrieval failure
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

27. Amnesia Amnesia means loss of memory
Anterograde vs. Retrograde
Source Amnesia—when you remember something, but not where you were when you experienced it (i.e. you saw it in a dream but later thought you actually experienced it)
At the heart of many false memories