1. Introduction to phonetics and English phonology: Consonants, part 2
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Introduction to phonetics and English phonology:
Consonants, part 2

2. Types of consonants • Plosives (stops) • Nasals • Fricatives
• Affricates
• Semi-vowels
• Laterals
• Frictionless continuants

3. The consonants of English 1
Voiceless Voiced
Fricatives /f/ fan /v/ van
/s/ so /z/ zoo
/ʃ/ shore /ʒ/ vision
/θ/ thin /ð/ then
/h/ hat
Plosives /p/ pet /b/ bag
/k/ kite /g/ bag
/t/ take /d/ dog
Nasals /m/ men
/n/ men
/ŋ/ sing

4. The consonants of English 2
Voiceless Voiced
Affricates /tʃ/ church /dʒ/ judge
Semi-vowels /w/ well
/j/ yes
Lateral /l/ long
Frictionless continuant /r/ rose

5. Semi-vowels
Produced like vowels, without any obstruction of the oral cavity, but behave like consonants.
English has two semi-vowels, both voiced.

6. /w/ as in well
The letter w is mute in words beginning with wr- and in names ending in -wich, -wick.
wring /rıŋ/
Warwick /'wɒrık || 'wɔ:rık/
sword /sɔ:d/

7. /j/ as in yes Spelling: y, eu, u, ue, ui
The letter “j” is never pronounced /j/!
unit /'ju:nıt/
Europe /'ju:rəp/

8. /l/ as in all A lateral consonant Two realisations: clear and dark
In RP, /l/ is clear before vowels and /j/, dark in other positions including at the end of a word. In GA, /l/ is always more or less dark.

9. Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television
/l/ as in all
Clear l: lip, less, fully, halyard
Dark l: tall, world, help, humble
Linda Wilson will perhaps be on television c d d c

10. /l/ as in all
The letter l is mute in some words with -alf, -alk, -alm, -olk
Examples:
calf /kɑ:f || kæf/
chalk /tʃɔ:k/
calm /kɑ:m/
yolk /jəʊk/
Also mute in salmon, Stockholm, colonel.

11. /r/ as in rose
A fricative in Swedish. In English it is a frictionless continuant.
In RP, final r is only pronounced before a vowel. In GA, /r/ occurs in all positions.

12. /r/ as in rose
Linking /r/ occurs in RP when a word with a final r is followed by a vowel.
Examples: far away, your answer, War and Peace
Compare: before long before everyone

13. /r/ as in rose
Intrusive /r/ occurs in RP in some positions where there is no r in the spelling. Used to prevent hiatus (vokalmöte).
Examples:
Asia and Africa /'eıʃər ən 'æfrikə/
law and order /lɔ:r ən 'ɔ:də/
drawing /'drɔ:rıŋ/

14. /s/ versus /z/ decision /dıˈsıʒən/ position /pəˈzıʃən/
hiss /hıs/ his /hız/
sink /siŋk/ zinc /ziŋk/
niece /ni:s/ knees /ni:z/
Slightly longer vowel sound before a voiced consonant!

15. /ʃ/ versus /tʃ/ sheep /ʃi:p/ cheap /tʃi:p/ ship /ʃıp/ chip /tʃıp/
Charlotte /'ʃɑ:(r)lət/ Charles /tʃɑ:lz/

16. Pronunciations of ch /ʃ/ in champagne, chauffeur, Chicago, parachute
/k/ in chaos, chemistry, echo, epoch
Mute in yacht /jQt||jɑ:t/

17. Pronunciations of th /θ/ in most words beginning with th-
in words ending with th- except verbs
/ð/ in some words with th- : then, thus, the, that, though
/t/ in Mathilda, Thailand, Thomas

18. /dʒ/ versus /j/ use (noun) /ju:s/ juice /dʒu:s/
your /jɔ:(r)/ jaw /dʒɔ:/

19. /dʒ/ versus /g/ ginger /'dʒındʒə(r)/ giggle /'gig(ə)l/
urgent /'3:dʒənt/ target /'tɑ:gıt/
gentle /'dʒent(ə)l/ giddy /'gıdı/

20. Limerick 1
I wish that my room had a floor. I don’t mind the lack of a door, But this crawling around Without touching the ground Is getting to be quite a bore!

21. Limerick 2
There was an old man from Darjeeling Who boarded a bus bound for Ealing. It said on the door: “Don’t spit on the floor” So he stood up and spat on the ceiling.

22. θæŋk ju: fə 'lısənıŋ!