1. The High Middle Ages Rise of Royal Power
Growth of European Kingdoms is marked by the domination of the nobility

2. In the weeks ahead…we will look at the decline of feudalism…leading us to the ….
The Crusades
The Rise of Nation States…
Absolute Monarchies
ROYAL POWER!
Rising Middle Class
Introduction of Gunpowder
KINGS = extending power that will eventually lead to the development of powerful European states
Increased lands through marriage
Growth of towns = less reliance on vassals (support of the middle class – builds ties)
Monarchs build power = earlier Church and Nobles hold power

4. Beginning of the Nation-State
English, French and Spanish monarchs unite people who share a common nationality
Loyalty shifts back from local lord/fief to the king/nation
England united under Alfred
King Alfred the Great united various kingdoms of England in the late 9th Century = England ruled by Anglo Saxon monarchs

6. Developments in England
William the Conqueror ( ): William, the Duke of Normandy defeated Lord Harold at the Battle of Hastings…
Normans = strong leadership and feudal system (historically); excellent soldiers (high speed on horses w/ lance)
William the Conqueror
King Edward dies and leaves no heir – Harold support of nobles / William support of Pope
Conquers King Harold of England at the Battle of Hastings (Harold army tired from 2 front war)
October he lands with 7000 soldiers
Crowned English King in December 1066
Combined Norman and Saxon cultures
Norman knights given fiefs = all had to swear highest obligation to the King = all loyal to the king
King of England is ALSO Duke of Normandy
Vassal to the King of France!
Now the vassal is more powerful than the lord
Power tie keeps England very involved in continental European politics

9. Government Language Culture Domesday Book Salisbury Oath
William the Conqueror
Government
Language
Culture
Domesday Book
Salisbury Oath
Strengthens monarchy
Normans and Anglo-Saxons = nobility blends
Normans took to English culture
Incorporated Office of Sheriff
Government = shires (large areas) with a Reeve or chief official
Civil and criminal court responsibilities
Enforce the kings laws or writs
Trial jury (modern Grand Jury from this system(
ALSO develops new culture = French Norman and English Saxon
New English language = from Latin and French
Developed offices that combine both cultures = i.e., sheriff from the Saxons = CULTURAL DIFFUSION!
Census = all of England = strengthens taxation system and provides a great historical record
Reading from the Domesday Book
Domesday Book = Census; lists castles, fields, people, efficient tax collection methods
Creates a strong centralized monarchy
Strengthened financial situation and Royal Treasury through tax collection

10. Guildford Castle - "...probably founded by William the Conqueror soon after 1066..."

11. William Kills Harold at the Battle of Hastings

12. King Henry II (1154-1189) King Henry II Royal Courts Common Law
Battle with the Church
Henry and Becket
Henry II (1154 CE)
Broadened system of Royal justice = stregnthens the power of the Royal courts; makes the king more powerful and provides additional revenue
Common Law = law for all people is the same – replaces varying local legal codes / entire kingdom same law
Royal Courts administered Common Law (over time became the most popular and powerful)
Jury System = traveling justices who took sworn oaths; determined validity of cases, because the 12 neighbors
Church versus State
Henry II versus Thomas a’ Becket (Archbishop of Canterbury by Henry II doing)
Infamous struggle (movie next two class periods)
Henry claims the right to punish the clergy – try clergy in Royal Courts; Becket states that only court can try the clerics, Henry “who will free me of this priest?” = 4 knights go to Canterbury and murder Becket (1170 CE)
Henry must give court/judicial power to the church for clergy = Becket becomes a martyr

14. King Richard I (the Lion heart) King John (NOT loved!)
Henry II’s Sons
King Richard I (the Lion heart)
King John (NOT loved!)
How do they impact modern culture?
Richard I (Lionheart)
Son of Henry II
Crusade (II) – develops mutual respect with Saladin
Dies and was rarely in England as King
King John
Younger brother of Richard I
1199 – 1216 CE
ROBIN HOOD!

15. Richard I

17. King John’s 3 Foes FOE # 1 - King Philip II of France Loss of Lands
Anjou and Normandy
FOE # 2 – Nobles
forced King John to sign the Magna Charta at Runnymeade in 1215
Monarchs power limited not absolute
FOE # 3 – Pope Innocent III
excommunication and interdict for all of England
John versus Philip II
Battle between two kings
Lost war to France = lost Anjou and Normandy (tie to continental politics)
Nobles versus John (Magna Charta Activity)
Heavy taxes and strict laws on the nobility
1215 = nobles force John to sign the Magna Charta at Runnymeade
Magna Charta is a feudal document based on obligations = becomes foundation of that idea that monarchial power is limited and not absolute
Nobles have rights, monarch must follow law, some sections protect the people
Establishes the Great Council of Lords and Clergy (Parliament) – consult for taxation; rulers call on them
Requires that all are guaranteed trial by jury
Pope Innocent III and John
Battle / argument over Archbishop of Canterbury
Excommunicates John / England under interdict
RESULT = England fief of Pope and England pays yearly fee

18. John signs the Magna Charta

19. Magna Charta

20. Innocent III

21. Magna Charta
Document signed outside London, by King John of England, that limits English royal power … it exemplifies feudal relationships of mutual obligation…

22. Parliament and Edward I
Great Council (middle-class representatives)
Model Parliament
Parliament: The House of Lords and The House of Commons
Edward I includes commoners in this group = develops into a 2 party legislature (House of Lords and House of Commons)
House of Lords = nobles and bishops (church lords)
House of Commons = knights and townspeople
Great Council = greater barons and chiefs
Invited 2 knights and 2 residents from each county to consult on taxes

23. King Edward

24. Rise of France

25. Developments in France
After the rule of the Carolingian family (Charlemagne) came Capetian rule…
Capetian Rule
843 CE Treaty of Verdun
987 CE death of last Carolingian King and Nobles choose Hugh Capet (starts Capetian dynasty) of France
Hugh Capet = holds very little actual power; early dukes more powerful than kings

26. French King Philip Augustus Philip II 1180-1223
Capetian Kings
French King Philip Augustus
Philip II
Capetian Kings = continue to expand French lands
Philip Augustus (Phillip II)
1180 to 1223 CE
Supported by the middle class = power
Role of monarch strengthened by tax collection (efficient) at national level and laws
Responsible for granting town charters
War with England to gain control of lands on the continent (Normandy, Anjou, Aquitaine – transferred to England when Eleanor married Henry II) = successful in most of the areas
Established the French Royal Bureaucracy
X4 income and greatly increased power

27. King Louis IX (1226-1270) Louis and the Church Achievements
Capetian Kings
King Louis IX
( )
Louis and the Church
Achievements
Louis IX
Grandson of Phillip II
Noble, chivalrous, justice = loved by the people
Pious = wars and other religions persecuted
Ended serfdom and expanded courts

28. Philip the Fair 1285-1314 Taxes and the Church The Estates General
Capetian Kings
Philip the Fair
Taxes and the Church
The Estates General
Philip the Fair
“the fair” = strengthens monarchy
Grandson Louis IX
Wanted clergy to pay taxes = sent troops = Pope beaten and dies = Frenchman now Pope (established strong tie of nation to the church
Established council for advise and chamber of accounts (finance)
French Parliament = 1302 Estates General
1. Clergy; 2. Nobles; 3. Townspeople = does not gain power like Parliament in England
By 1300 France largest, wealthiest, and strongest monarchy in Europe

29. Philip II