1. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic of the testing apparatus used during tension testing. The specimen head was mounted in a cradle that allowed translation and rotation. The cranial end condition could be varied by fixing these degrees of freedom. The cranial loading location could be varied by positioning the head anterior or posterior relative the rotational bearing. The specimen is loaded by a downward translation of the hydraulic actuator, which is coupled to T1 by a six-axis load cell.

2. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic of the four cranial end conditions tested during whole spine tension testing: (a) free, (b) rotational constrained, (c) translational constrained, and (d) fixed

3. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Schematic of the four loading locations tested during whole spine tension testing: (a) 3 cm posterior of the condyles (tension-flexion loading), (b) aligned over the OC (pure tension loading), (c) through the CG (head inertial loading), and (d) 3 cm anterior of the CG (tension-extension loading)

4. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Average kinematic response corridors during whole cervical spine tensile loading with varying cranial end conditions. The plots are presented with the applied load on the abscissa versus (a) axial displacement, (b) anterior-posterior (A-P) head translation, and (c) sagittal head rotation. Cranial end condition had a significant effect between the fixed end condition and rotational constrained compared with the free end condition and the translational constrained (Table ).

5. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Representative tensile response plots of the whole cervical spine from specimen T31 for two cranial end conditions: fixed and free. Stiffness was determined from the slope of the linearly regressed applied tensile load versus displacement response between 150 N and 300 N.

6. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Average kinematic response corridors during whole cervical spine tensile loading with varying loading locations. The plots are presented with the applied load on the abscissa versus (a) axial displacement, (b) anterior-posterior (A-P) head translation, and (c) sagittal head rotation. Loading location had a significant effect between all loading locations except between loading through the CG and loading 3 cm posterior the OC (Table ).

7. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Average kinematic response corridors during fixed-fixed spinal segment tensile stiffness testing with (a) loading phase only and (b) loading and unloading phases. The plots are presented with the applied load on the abscissa versus axial displacement. The O-C2 spinal segment was found to be less stiff and dissipate more strain energy than the C4-C5 and C6-C7 segments (Table ).

8. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Average stiffness response of the upper cervical spine at four levels of head extension rotation. The head was rotated and then fixed at the level of extension for the duration of the test. Head rotation had a significant effect on axial displacement (Table ).

9. Date of download: 10/29/2017
Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved.
From: Tension and Combined Tension-Extension Structural Response and Tolerance Properties of the Human Male Ligamentous Cervical Spine
J Biomech Eng. 2009;131(8): doi: /
Figure Legend:
Representative failure plots of the O-C2 spinal segment for the two loading locations. Specimens T22 and T33 were failed with the tensile load aligned over the OC and through the CG, respectively. Major failure was defined as either a 10% decrease in load or a 20% decrease in stiffness during continued loading. Ultimate failure was defined as the maximum load each spinal segment was able to withstand.