1. Question of the Day How does water get underground?
Subunit: Water and Climate
Question of the Day How does water get underground?
Does your water come from a reservoir or a well?
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2. Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
Fueled by insolation
Driven by gravity
Recycling of water

3. What Happens After Precipitation?
1. Water Retention - stored on surface
2. Infiltration - sinks into Earth
3. Runoff - flows over surface
4. Evapotranspiration - recycled into water vapor

4. Groundwater
Water that enters, is stored in, or moves in ground

5. Groundwater Layers
1. Zone of Aeration
Pores (openings) between particles partly filled with capillary water & air

6. 2. Zone of Saturation
Pores totally filled with water

7. 3. Water Table
Interface between zones of aeration & saturation

8. Well Water

9. Groundwater Contamination

10. Groundwater Contamination

11. Groundwater Contamination

12. 4. Impermeable Layer
No water can infiltrate
Ex.: Bedrock, clay

13. Factors Affecting Infiltration
1. Slope
Steeper slope (gradient) = less infiltration

14. 2. Degree of Saturation
Greater saturation = less infiltration

15. 3. Porosity
Amount of space (pores) between grains
Greater porosity = greater ability to hold water

16. Porosity
% of empty space

17. Factors Affecting Porosity
1. Shape
Rounder particles = Greater porosity
Angular = Less porosity

18. 2. Packing
Well packed = Lower porosity

19. Porosity
Which has more porosity: A or B?
A. Because B has tighter packing

20. 3. Sorting (Grouping by size, shape)
Sorted (same) = Greater porosity
Unsorted (mixed) = Lower porosity

21. Size Does not affect porosity …
… if same shape, sorting, and packing of grains

22. A B C 1. Draw each set of particles: A,B,C
2. For each set, circle which of each pair has higher porosity A B C

24. Question of the Day How does water drain in NY State?
Can water flow north?
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25. Tributary Small stream or river that flows into a larger stream or river

26. Divide Region of high land that separates 2 drainage systems

28. Question of the Day How does water move underground?
If there is no change in shape, sorting, and packing of these grains, which has higher porosity?
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29. Factors Affecting Infiltration
4. Permeability
How easily water passes through material
Connection between pores, not just volume of pores

31. Permeability In Loose Material, Size Does Matter!
Larger particles, larger pores = More permeable (Ex. gravel, sand)
Tighter packing or cementing = Less permeable

32. Factors Affecting Infiltration
Capillarity
Attractive force between water and surrounding material

33. Capillary Water
Stored in pores of zone of aeration
Important for plants

34. Capillary Action - Anti-Gravity!
Smaller pores = greater capillarity

35. Runoff occurs when …
Precipitation rate > infiltration rate
Ground saturated, water hasn’t evaporated
Steep slope
Little vegetation

36. Stream Discharge
Volume of water flow over time (m³ / second)
Time lag between peak precipitation and peak discharge

37. Flooding
Streams/rivers overflow
Precipitation rate …
> infiltration rate
> evapotranspiration rate
Storm surge, tsunami, + high tides

39. Question of the Day What’s the primary factor that affects climate?
Q: What’s the difference between weather and climate?
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40. Climate
Long-term weather conditions
Main characteristics:
1. Temperature
2. Precipitation

45. Latitudinal Climate Zones

46. 1. Latitude
Most important factor. Affects temp. & moisture.
Average temp. decreases with increasing latitude
… due to angle & duration of insolation

47. A) Latitude & Temperature
High latitudes - wide range in temp.
Ex. North Pole
Low latitudes - small range in temp.
Ex. Equator

49. Fonte Boa, Brazil
Nome, Alaska

50. Planetary wind and pressure belts
B) Latitude & Moisture
Low press. at 0º & 60º N/S = Wet
High press. at 30º N/S & 90º N/S = Dry
Planetary wind and pressure belts

52. Question of the Day What secondary factors affect climate?
Where in the world are these cities? B A
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53. Syracuse, NY: 43ºN
Sydney, Australia: 33ºS

54. Q: Ireland has the same latitude as northern Canada
Q: Ireland has the same latitude as northern Canada. How can they have palm trees???

55. 2. Large Bodies of Water
Moderating effect on temperatures - “Oceans = Opposite”
Coastal environments - warmer winter, cooler summer

56. 3. Prevailing Winds
U.S. - Prevailing S.W. Winds
West Coast - Marine Climate
East Coast - Continental Climate

57. Lake Effect Storms
Prevailing S.W. bring moisture from Lake Erie to Western NYS

58. 4. Ocean Currents
Warm or cool coasts
Ex. Ireland has palm trees!

59. ESRT p, 5

60. ESRT p, 5

61. This graph shows avg. monthly temp. for cities A & B
This graph shows avg. monthly temp. for cities A & B. Both are located at 41º N latitude.

62. 5. Elevation
Higher elev. = Lower temp.
Rising air cools & expands
Higher elev. = More precipitation
Air temp. closer to dewpoint

63. 6. Mountains Orographic Effect
Barriers to air masses cause:
Orographic Effect
Moist climate windward side
Warm, dry climate leeward side

65. Rainshadows and Deserts

66. 7. Vegetation
Deforestation - less conversion of insolation through transpiration → higher temp., lower humidity
Desertification → higher temp.
Urbanization → higher temp.

67. 8. Cloud Cover
Cloudier = cooler; insolation reflected

69. Question of the Day What is a water budget?
What’s the difference between a deficit and a surplus?
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70. Local Water Budget
Mathematical model of water cycle for a region
Shows income, outgo and storage
Helps identify:
Best time to irrigate
When flood potential is highest
Type of climate: Humid vs. Dry

72. Budget based on difference between:
1. Precipitation (P) Moisture source
2. Potential Evapotranspiration (Ep or PE) Max. amt. that could evapotranspire

73. Which city is the most humid?A C B D

74. Which city is the most arid?

75. Surplus ● Water supply > Water demand ● Soil moisture storage is full

76. Usage ● Water taken from storage

77. Deficit ● Water supply < Water demand ● Soil moisture storage is 0

78. Recharge ● Water added to storage til saturation

79. Climate Ratio P Ep
1) Phoenix, AZ P = 191; Ep = 1157
P / Ep = 191 / 1157 = 0.17 Climate: ARID
2) New Orleans, LA P = 1543; Ep = 1118
P / Ep = 1543 / 1118 = 1.4 Climate: Humid