1. Basic Chemistry/Chemical Bonding

2. DRAW WHAT YOU THINK AN ATOM LOOKS LIKE

3. Atoms are around us and in us
World is made up of many different substances
Chemistry tells us all different types of matter that exists
Matter=anything that takes up space (form of a solid,liquid, gas)
Atoms building blocks of matter

4. Atoms of one type are elements
Atoms exist in the form of elements
H= hydrogen atoms make up hydrogen
O= oxygen atoms make up oxygen
C= carbon atoms make up carbon
Cl=chlorine atoms make up chlorine
Fe= iron atoms make up iron

5. Main Elements in Biology
H= hydrogen Cl= chlorine
C = carbon S= sulfur
N = nitrogen
O =oxygen
P= phosphorus
CHONPS

6. All the element are organized on the Periodic Table

7. Structure of the atom (Subatomic Particles)
Nucleus inside: contains
Protons(+),neutron(0)
Electrons outside:
Negatively (-) charged

8. Atomic Number and Mass Number for Elements
The atomic number= # of protons or electrons
Mass Number= number of protons + neutrons
Atomic Number 6 C
Mass Number
12.001

9. How To Determine the Number of Neutrons?
Subtraction
Mass Number- Atomic Number

10. How do elements combine?
Elements combine by bonding
Two Ways:
Covalent
Ionic

11. Covalent Bonding Sharing of electrons in order to bond elements
Sharing=Caring COVALENT
Found in the formation of H20, HCl

12. Ionic Bonding
Electrons are donated/transferred in order for bonding to occur
Results in ion charges
Used in forming crystals (NaCl)

13. Compounds Most substances found in nature exist as compounds
Compounds= two or more different kinds of atoms combined
Atom A+ Atom B= Compound AB
H O2= H20
Other ex: CO2, CaCl2, C6 H12 O6

14. Making of Hydrogen Molecule

15. Bonding of atoms to form H

16. Making of Water

17. Ionic Bonding of NaCl

18. Ionic Bonding of NaCl

19. WATER SCIENCE Water is a very important molecule in biology
Our bodies are made up of A LOT of water
Muscle= 75%
Blood= 95%
Fat= 14%
Bone =43%

20. Amazing Properties of Water
Adhesive, Cohesive, Polar, Capillary Action
Adhesive: sticks to surface
Cohesive: sticks to itself
Polar: has both positive and negative charges
Capillary Action: can move against gravity

21. Why does water have these properties?
It is a polar molecule
Polar= uneven distribution of charges
H= slight positive charge (2 of them)
O= slight negative charge (1 of them)

22. What does this allow for?
Bonding of water to water through Hydrogen Bonding
O of one water molecule is attracted to the H from another water molecule
It’s like a magnet
Because of this, water can stick to itself, and is able to stick to surfaces

23. Other Water Properties
Hydrophobic= water fearing
Some biochemical molecules will stay away from water because they are non-polar
Hydrophilic= water loving
Some biochemical molecules will be attracted to water because they too are POLAR

24. Adhesive and Cohesive Properties

25. ADHESION + COHESION
Adhesion + Cohesion =
SURFACE TENSION

26. Organisms can walk on water

27. This is why water sticks to the graduated cylinder

28. Magnified Graduated Cylinder

29. Mixtures

30. Suspensions

31. Solutions

32. Other Chemistry Info
Mixture: two or more compounds physically but not chemically put together
Two Types: solutions and suspensions
Solutions: type of mixture when parts are evenly distributed when dissolved in water (e.g. Salt in water and sugar in water, Kool-Aid)
Two parts solutes (solid), solvent (what its dissolved in)
Water is considered the universal solvent.
 Suspensions: type of mixture where (solute) material does not mix. ( sand in water, oil in water)

34. Chemical Properties of Solutions
Can be an acid or a base based on amount of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxide (OH) present once dissolved in water
Acid=a solution that has a lot of H+
Base= a solution that has a little bit of H+

35. Measurement of Acids and Bases
pH scales measure the percent of hydrogen present
Acids are between 1-6 on the scale
1 highly acidic
6 slightly acidic
Bases are between 8-14 on the scale
8slightly basic
14 highly basic

36. pH scale

37. Indicators Used to Detect Acids or Basic Substances
Litmus paper can be acidic or basic based
Acidic substances turn litmus paper…pinks/reds
Basic substances turn litmus paper… blues/violets
Universal Indicators: will change different colors based on substance. Must use color chart to determine pH value.

38. Chemistry Check: Answer the following in complete sentences…
What’s the difference between adhesion and cohesion?
What makes water a polar molecule?
A molecule that does not interact with water is considered…
A molecule that does interact with water is considered…
Solutions and suspensions are two types of …
A solution has a pH of 9. Is it acidic or basic?
Two solutions are placed in front of you, one has a pH of 5 and the other has a pH of 2, which has a higher pH