1. Unifications of Germany & Italy

2. Background:
Napoleon’s invasions unintentionally unleashed forces of nationalism
Early 1800’s- German-speaking peoples lived in many different areas –w/ a variety of rulers
Last half of 1800’s = Age of Nationalism
European leaders used nationalism to create strong, unified nations.

3. Napoleon’s Influences:
Congress of Vienna created the German Confederation –to keep France in check–

4. UNIFICATION OF GERMANY

5. Bismarck Unites Germany:
Otto von Bismarck – architect of German unification
Prussian Junker – conservative land-owning noble –
Ambassador to France & Russia
1862 –Kaiser Wilhem I’s Prime Minister
appointed Chancellor – highest position in monarchy short of
king

6. The “Iron” Chancellor:
Realpolitik –politics based upon needs of the state
Use any means possible to achieve goals!
Not strictly a GERMAN nationalist- his main goal was not to unify Germany
Main Goal: Create a strong German state to increase Prussian power

7. “BLOOD & IRON”: 1862 – Famous speech to Prussian Legislature:
Prussia needed a strong military & industrialization to achieve greatness
Militarism- had to use war to achieve goals
Over next decade- built powerful military by using funds collected for other purposes = Prussia fought 3 separate wars.

8. Map of German Speaking Peoples

9. War 1: The Danish War: 1864: had an alliance w/ Austria
“liberated” (seized) German-Speaking provinces of Schleswig & Holstein from Denmark
Divided them between Prussia (Schleswig) & Austria (Holstein)
Austria was weakened b/c Holstein was really in German territory

10. War 2: – Austro- Prussian War:
aka The 7 Weeks War
Bismarck provoked Austria -Schleswig & Holstein border dispute
Austria attacked Prussia–Prussian victory
Prussia annexed Holstein & several north German states
North German Confederation formed
** only 4 southern states not unified under Prussian leadership**

12. War 3: The Franco-Prussian War –
1867 – 4 Southern (Catholic) German states resisted Protestant leadership
Bismarck predicted they would unite if faced w/ a foreign threat – thought of France
Created the “doctored” Ems Telegram
Bismarck “edited” a letter from the Kaiser to the king of France that insulted France
France declared war on Prussia – just as Bismarck predicted

13. Franco-Prussian War 1870-71:
Sept – Prussia captured 80,000 French forces
Paris surrendered after 4 month siege
Results:
1. Germany was unified
2. Treaty of Paris – France gave
Alsace & Lorraine to Prussia &
paid war reparations
3. Wilhelm I – crowned Kaiser
(emperor)– of German Empire

15. United Germany – Results:
Shift in European balance of power –Germany replaces Prussia & France to challenge British might
Germany now economic / industrial, political & military powerhouse
French resentment over Franco-Prussian War defeat will be an underlying cause for WWI

16. United German Foreign Policy:
Goals:
1. Keep France weak
2. build alliances w/ Russia & Austria
3. Improve naval power to compete w/ Britain
Bismarck opposed to an over-seas empire
Feared would stall unification

17. German Domestic Policies:
Bismarck’s policies to ensure German survival:
Tried to erase local loyalties & crush internal opposition to imperial rule.
Attempted to weaken Catholic Church influence -state had to approve Catholic schools & priests (1/3 of Germany is Catholic)
Expelled Jesuits from Prussia, encouraged civil marriages –
Backfired- Catholics rallied behind Church & won elections

18. Kaiser Wilhelm II: 1888 grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm
1890 –believed he knew best for Germany - fired Bismarck
Militaristic - wanted overseas empire = imperialism
Kaiser wanted “ A place
in the sun” for Germany

19. https://www. youtube. com/watch
H8mA Better Video, but no sound- play 2ND video for soundtrack
JBU –Video comparing 10 quotes from Bismarck and Napoleon

20. BISMARK MOVIE

21. Unification of Italy

22. Italy Background:
Sectionalism = same language, but politically divided since Roman Times.
1780s- France & Austria fought over Italian control
1790s- Napoleon (France)won control of Italy
Napoleon brought ideals of French Rev to Italy & helped spur nationalism
s- Austrians invade & win back some control

23. Italy Background:
Regions such as Naples, Piedmont-Sardinia, & Lombardy resented foreign (French and Austrian) rule
Papal States (Pope controlled)feared unification because thought Church would lose influence
Rebellions occurred between – all crushed

24. Giuseppe Mazzini: AKA The Heart
Early Italian nationalist leader – founder of secret society called Young Italy – “Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation”.
1849 –set-up a Republic in Rome BUT crushed by French
Much of his life in exile –but continued writing in support of unification

25. “Risorgimento”
“The Resurgence” –Italian Nationalist Movement – gained strength after 1848
Began in Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia
Led by constitutional monarch & nationalist Victor Emanuel II

26. Count Camillo Cavour “The Brains”
P.M. of P Sardinia –clever diplomat
“Architect” of unification –alliance w/France = gained influence
1859 – provoked & won war
against Austria w/French help
Italian rebels overthrew several Austrian backed rulers
Joined w/Piedmont-Sardinia into larger northern Italian state

27. Giuseppe Garibaldi – The Sword
Italian nationalist – supported by Cavour w/ weapons & ships
1860 – 1,000 “Red-Shirts” invaded & quickly won control
of Sicily
Marched north to Naples – liberated southern Italy from Spanish

28. A Turning Point to Unity:
Cavour feared Garibaldi would set-up his own republic in South
P. Sardinia conquered Papal States & linked-up w/ Garibaldi’s forces
1861 – patriotic move – Garibaldi surrendered Sicily, Naples, & southern Italy to P. Sardinia
Victor Emanuel II – became king of a united Italy

32. Unification is Completed!
Two areas still out of Italian control in 1861: Rome & Venetia
Cavour died in didn’t see unification
1866 – Italians made alliance w/ Prussia during Austro-Prussian War-gained Venetia
1870 – During Franco-Prussian War – France forced to pull troops out of Rome = complete Italian unification for 1st time since fall of Roman Empire

34. Challenges Face the New Nation:
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES: North- urbanized, industrial, wealthier South- rural, agricultural, poor, illiteracy Popes urged Italians to not to cooperate w/new government. because feared losing influence

35. Economic & political turmoil between unification and 1914
Outbreak of WWI & exploding Italian population led many to emigrate to US, Canada & Latin America

37. COMPARING UNIFICATIONS: