1. Education Theory

2. VAK - Basic types of learning

3. Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory Model – Seven Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic
Words and Language
Logical-Mathematical
Logic and Numbers
Musical
Music, Sound, Rhythm
Bodily-Kinesthetic
Physical movement, touch and feel
Spatial-Visual
Images and 3D space
Interpersonal
Other people’s feelings: human contact, teamwork and collaboration
Intrapersonal
Personal awareness, self- reflection

4. So, what exactly does this show?
Background: 1991 Theory
Learning acquisition (not just for Foreign Languages)
Preferred learning style, working style, and natural ability
General things to keep in mind when you are teaching (and studying)
Although sitting and working through a textbook might be the easiest way to learn, doing a variety of things will usually help people learn and retain information more quickly

5. Motivation for English as a Foreign Language
Motivation is a linked contributing factor to faster language acquisition.
Krashkens Affective Filter Hypothesis-
High motivation
High self confidence
Low anxiety

6. Language Learning Methods
Grammar Translation (17th to the 19th century)
The major goal of this method is to enable students to read and translate literature.
It is derived from the classical method of teaching Greek and Latin.
It’s commonly used still in Japan. Your students may tend to translate sentences or words on your worksheet to understand better, but this doesn’t necessarily help them in the long run.

7. Grammar Translation Advantages Disadvantages Teaches grammar
Good for logically minded students
Creates translators
Light on resources
Minimal to no speaking and listening
Based on learning non- spoken ancient languages
No pronunciation practice
Lack of variance breeds dis-interest

8. Language Learning Methods
The Natural/Direct Method (1900s)
Classes are taught purely in the target language.
Teachers teach concepts and vocab through pantomiming, using real life objects and other visual materials (like in some elementary school lessons in Japan).
Students learn grammar rules through exposure to numerous naturally sentences, rather than learning the rules in their native language.
This is what is supposed to happen in all SHS English classes, where the classes are supposed to be run purely in English, and teachers use simple English to explain difficult English words or ideas.

9. The Natural Method Advantages Disadvantages
Recreates natural environment for learners
Target language use increases student’s listening skills
Students don’t speak unless they want to
Focus is on vocab and phrases

10. Language Learning Methods
Total Physical Response (TPR)
Jump around, jump around, jump up jump up and get…learning?
Based on how young children learn their first language. For example, interactions between parents and children often take the form of speech from the parent followed by a physical response from the child.
It involves the teacher saying commands in the target language and the students acting them out (eg: Simon says). 
It’s a fun way to learn, and is generally used in conjunction with other methods.
It is popular with beginners and with young learners, although it can be used with students of all levels and all age groups.
Used in elementary school in Japan.

11. Total Physical Response
Advantages
Disadvantages
Proven efficacy with beginners
Works well for kinesthetic learners
Helps students learn vocabulary by association
Over reliance on the imperative mood
Efficacy for intermediate and advanced learners questionable
Students do not practice dialogues until well into the learning process

12. Language Learning Methods
The Audio-Lingual Method (1940)
Also uses the method of teaching students only using the target language.
Based on repetition and memorisation of audio tracks.
Developed during the war to get soldiers as fluent in listening and speaking as quickly as possible. Therefore it’s also known as the “army method”.
This happens in some SHS Communication classes where the class reads passages aloud over and over until they can memorise them.

13. Audio-lingual Method Advantages Disadvantages
Good for students who learn aurally
Good for ensuring more natural pronunciation
Repetition is boring
Students will not be able to form sentences naturally
Relevance beyond vocabulary is contested

14. Language Learning Methods
Communicative Language Teaching
Aims to get students talking and focusing on improving their FLUENCY, more so than their ACCURACY.
Involves classroom activities such as
Pair and group work requiring conversations or negotiations
Fluency-based activities that encourage learners to develop their confidence speaking
Role-plays in which students practise and develop language functions
Used in the SHS Expressions classes (the ones run by ALTs!)

15. Communicative Language Teaching
Advantages
Disadvantages
Students are instructed using as many skills as possible
Students have the chance to practice real communication
Advocated by numerous Government bodies
Learner anxiety
Danger of focusing on oral skills above reading and writing

16. Task Based Learning For “Can Do Goals”
Pre task:
Introduction to the topic.
Provide clear goals and expectations
Task Cycle
Plan Do
Report
Post Task
Analysis
Practice

17. Questions?