1. The Protestant Reformation
Mrs. O’Connor

2. Breakdown of Denominations

3. Early Reformers John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
Interested in authority of clergy.
People should be able to interpret and read the Bible on their own.
Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope).
This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

4. Early Reformers Cont… Erasmus (1466-1536)
“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”
Erasmus remained committed to reforming the Church from within.
He also held to Catholic doctrines such as that of free will.
Which some Protestant Reformers rejected in favor of the doctrine of predestination.

5. Important Developments that aid the process to Reformation!
The Printing Press!!!!
Books are now available to the masses not just the rich! (Faster production=cheaper books)
People have access to books whenever they want them.
How does this relate to the Reformation? Explain your answer?
Like the Kindle or Nook to early modern Europeans.
A single Renaissance printing press could produce 3,600 pages per workday, compared to forty by hand-printing and a few by hand-copying.
Printing Press = 3,600 pages per workday
Hand Printing = 40 pages per workday

6. What is the Protestant Reformation?
Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in the 1500’s that split the Christian church in western Europe and led to the establishment of a number of new churches.
People grew displeased with the churches…
Financial Corruption
Abuse of Power
Immorality

7. What happens to spark the Reformation?
Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peter’s Basilica…so he sells indulgences!
Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory = (People could buy forgiveness)
Martin Luther’s Ninety Five Theses

8. Language Barriers
Most uneducated people didn’t understand Latin, but knew the local common language or “vernacular”.
Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before the Reformation.
It was the job of the church clergy to translate the Bible to lay people.

9. Martin Luther
Luther was a German monk and professor of theology (religion) at the University of Wittenberg.
One of the many leaders of the Protestant Reformation.
Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."
Luther translates the Bible to German and believes that people should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves.
Coffer means chest

10. Luther’s 95 Theses
In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church door. They were written in Latin.
Luther’s intention: NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH, BUT REFORM IT!
Criticized:
Indulgences
Power of Pope
Wealth of Church
God’s Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
Catholic View: Good Works

11. Excommunication In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V passed measures to suppress Luther’s writings.
Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio or protest.
Hence the term Protestant!
Pope Leo X by Raphel

12. Other Reformations Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
Theocracy
A government in which church and state are joined and in which officials are considered to be divinely inspired.
John Calvin in Switzerland
Predestination
God knows who will be saved, even before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined fore salvation.
John Knox in Scotland
Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

13. In England, the Reformation began with the King!
King Henry VIII
The king who had six wives…
He wants a SON!
In 1534, Henry was declared head of the Church of England and England became a protestant nation. He was now able to have his divorce. This was known as the ‘break with Rome’.
King Henry’s older brother Arthur (named after the famous tale King Author and the Knights of the Round Table) dies… Author was married to Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she married Henry. This becomes the grounds for his annulment (because Catherine can’t produce a son). She does however give birth to a daughter named Mary. She later becomes a queen of England and restores the Catholic Church! History knows her as Bloody Mary.
Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife.  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay married to Henry, in the face of his desire for Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history forever.
Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in love with Anne while married to Catherine of Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne, but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she became his Queen.
Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his long-awaited male heir after one year of marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This German princess served as Queen for only a few months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by mutual consent.
Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance woman outlived three husbands, including Henry, and went on to finally marry the man of her choice.

15. The Reformation Parliament
Was a gathering that led to the decision that England was no longer under the authority of the pope.
Act of Supremacy
Subjects were required to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

16. Longstanding Effects of Henry VIII
His legitimate children: Mary, Elizabeth, and Edward (dies).
Queen Mary I or “Bloody Mary”
Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of Aragon; she reestablished the Catholic Church in England. She killed many protestants and had approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.
Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years. Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never married…known as the Virgin Queen.

17. The Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation)
Actions by the Catholic Church
Reason
Set up a meeting of Cardinals (called a council).
To investigate the selling of indulgences and other abuses.
Set up a meeting of church leaders (the Council of Trent, which met for more than 10 years)
To State Catholic beliefs clearly
Approved the order of Jesuits
To support this new religious order which established schools and did missionary work.
Started the Inquisition (imprisonment or death for heretics/Protestants)
To punish people who broke the rules of the Church.

18. The Legacy of the Reformation
Religious/Social Effects
Protestant churches thrived and grew
Catholic Church unified
Both promoted education (school and colleges)
Political Effects
Monarchs and states gained power (nationalism)
Questioning of beliefs and authority laid groundwork for the Enlightenment.