1. Chapter 4 First Aid and CPR
Health Care Science Technology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2. Objectives Determine what is wrong with an injured or sick client.
Perform an initial assessment and a focused exam.
Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) for the one-rescuer adult, child, and infant and two-rescuer adult.
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3. Objectives (cont.)
Perform responsive and unresponsive foreign body obstructed airway (FBOA) for adult, child, and infant.
Successfully complete 16 first-aid and CPR procedures.
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4. Basics of First Aid 4-1 Consent
Responsibilities of First Aid Providers
Sizing Up the Scene
The Initial Assessment
Focused Examination
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5. Basics of First Aid
First aid is the initial help and care provided to a sick or injured person. It is not a replacement for medical help.
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6. Consent
Consent must be obtained before applying first aid to a conscious adult.
Consent is implied for an unconscious person.
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7. Responsibilities of First Aid Providers
Recognize an emergency based on the client’s appearance, behavior, or surroundings.
Make a decision to help.
Call EMS if the situation dictates.
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8. Responsibilities of First Aid Providers (cont.)
Safely gain access to the client and determine what is wrong.
Provide first aid.
Stay with the client until EMS arrives.
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9. Sizing Up the Scene
Determine the possibility of threats to yourself, the client, and bystanders.
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10. Sizing Up the Scene (cont.)
Determine the nature or cause of the illness or injury.
Determine the number of sick or injured. Then call EMS if necessary, and report your findings.
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11. The Initial Assessment
For a conscious and responsive client, introduce yourself by name, state that you know first aid, and ask if you can help.
Based on the client’s response, you can perform an initial assessment.
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12. The Initial Assessment (cont.)
Form an impression of the client by asking yourself the following questions:
How does the client look?
How is the client behaving?
Does the client appear to be in distress or pain?
Do you see any bleeding?
What color is the client?
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13. The Initial Assessment (cont.)
For an unresponsive client, follow these steps:
Assuming no neck or back injuries, position the client on his or her back.
Check for responsiveness by lightly tapping the client on the shoulder and speaking to him or her. If no response, continue with the ABCs.
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14. The Initial Assessment (cont.)
ABCs of an initial assessment
A – make sure the airway is open.
B – check for breathing.
C – check circulation by taking
pulse.
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15. The Initial Assessment (cont.)
Airway – check by using the head tilt-chin lift method. For suspected neck or back injury use the jaw thrust maneuver.
Breathing – check for breathing using the look, listen, and feel method.
Circulation – check for signs of circulation.
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16. Focused Examination
Conduct a focused exam unless the patient requires resuscitation.
The focused exam immediately follows the initial assessment.
Focused exams need not be performed on clients with minor injuries or illness.
NEVER move a client with suspected neck or back injuries.
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17. Focused Examination (cont.)
Have someone hold the client’s head, then perform the following steps:
Head – look at and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
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18. Focused Examination (cont.)
Eyes – gently open the eyes and compare the pupils. They should be the same size.
Neck – look and feel for deformities, bruises, depressions, open wounds, tenderness, and swelling. Check for a medical alert necklace.
Bracelet on neck?
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19. Focused Examination (cont.)
Chest – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
Abdomen – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
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20. Focused Examination (cont.)
Pelvis – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling.
Legs – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both legs.
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21. Focused Examination (cont.)
Arms – look and feel for deformities, bruises, open wounds, tenderness, depressions, and swelling. Compare the skin color, temperature, and size of both arms.
Back – slide your hand under the back as far as it will go, without moving the client. Look and feel for bleeding, deformities, bruises, open wounds, depressions, tenderness, and swelling.
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22. Section 4-1 Apply Your Knowledge
When should you move a client with a neck or back injury?
Answer:
NEVER move a client when you think that the client has a neck or back injury.
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23. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 4-2
The Chain of Survival
Using Barrier Devices and Face Masks
Using a Bag-Valve Mask
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
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24. The Chain of Survival
Sudden cardiac arrest occurs when the heart suddenly stops beating.
Ventricular fibrillation (VF) occurs when the heart stops beating and just quivers.
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25. The Chain of Survival (cont.)
Four links in the chain of survival:
Early access to EMS.
Early CPR. Improves chance of survival twofold.
Early defibrillation, or restoration of normal heart rhythm.
Early advanced care. Paramedics provide the necessary combination of drugs, airway management, and defibrillation to improve the chances of survival for clients of cardiac arrest, heart attack, stroke, and choking.
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26. Using Barrier Devices and Face Masks
Follow appropriate infection control procedures, including use of latex or vinyl gloves and barrier devices.
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27. Using a Bag-Valve Mask
A bag-valve mask (BVM) consists of a self-inflating bag and a one-way valve attached to a face mask.
A BVM is most effective when two first-aiders work together and use supplemental oxygen.
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28. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Three “red flags” for victims of sudden cardiac arrest:
No response when spoken to or touched.
No breathing or inadequate breathing.
No signs of circulation such as coughing, movement, or pulse.
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29. Foreign Body Airway Obstruction
Foreign body airway obstruction (FBAO) can occur in clients of all ages.
Perform abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts until object is expelled.
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30. Section 4-2 Apply Your Knowledge
Name the four links in the chain of survival.
Answer:
Early access to EMS.
Early CPR.
Early defibrillation.
Early advanced care.
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31. First Aid for Specific Emergencies 4-3
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32. Emergencies The most common types of emergencies are:
Injuries to bones, joints, and muscles
Diabetic emergencies
Heat emergencies
Cold-related emergencies
Poisons
Heart attack
Stroke
Minor wounds
External bleeding
Internal bleeding
Shock
Anaphylaxis
Burns
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33. Section 4-3 Apply Your Knowledge
What are four signs or symptoms of an injured extremity?
Answer:
Deformity
Pain and tenderness
Swelling
Bruising
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34. Procedures in Student Text
4A1 Using a Face Mask – No Trauma
4A2 Using a Face Shield – No Trauma
4A3 Using a Two-Rescuer Bag-Valve Mask – No Trauma
4A4 Using a One-Rescuer Bag-Valve Mask – No Trauma
4B1 One-Rescuer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
– Adult
4B2 Two-Rescuer Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
4B3 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Infants
and Children
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35. Procedures in Student Text (cont.)
4C1 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in a Responsive Adult or Child
4C2 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in an
Unresponsive Adult or Child
4C3 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in a Responsive Infant
4C4 Foreign Body Airway Obstruction in an Unresponsive Infant
4D Heart Attack and Stroke
4E Minor Wound Care
4F Controlling External Bleeding
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36. Procedures in Student Text (cont.)
4G Internal Bleeding
4H Shock
4I Anaphylaxis
4J Burns
4K Injuries to Bones, Joints, and Muscles
4L Diabetic Emergencies
4M Seizures
4N Heat Emergencies
4O Cold-Related Emergencies
4P Poisons
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37. Additional Procedures in Lab Activity Manual
LM4-1 Amputation
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38. Chapter 4 Credits Slides 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 Aaron Haupt