1. Akuntansi Internasional
PERTEMUAN #1
EBA 604
AKUNTANSI INTERNASIONAL
PROGRAM STUDI AKUNTANSI
FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS
UNIVERSITAS ESA UNGGUL

2. VISI DAN MISI UNIVERSITAS ESA UNGGUL
Pemasaran Internasional
EBM914 #1
VISI DAN MISI UNIVERSITAS ESA UNGGUL
EBA 604 – Akuntansi Internasional
Rina Anindita

3. DETAIL MATA KULIAH Kode Mata Kuliah : EBA 604
Nama Mata Kuliah : Akuntansi Internasional
Bobot sks : 2 sks
Deskripsi Mata Kuliah :
Matakuliah ini dirancang untuk memungkinkan mahasiswa memahami comparative accounting. Dengan pemahaman ini mahasiswa diharapkan mendapatkan orientasi global dari akuntansi dan memahami perbedaan antar-negara dalam hal format, isi, dan disklosur dalam pelaporan keuangan. Selanjutnya, matakuliah ini juga dirancang untuk mendalami berbagai isu penting dalam akuntansi untuk perusahaan multinasional. Dengan pendalaman ini diharapkan dapat memperkuat pemahaman konsep atau teori akuntansi bagi mahasiswa. Fokus pengajaran pada aspek akuntansi internasional maka pembahasan di kelas menitik beratkan pada pembahasan metode pemeriksaan akuntansi melalui penyampaian materi, diskusi dan presentasi tugas kelompok, serta tugas dan partisipasi individu.
EBA 604 – Akuntansi Internasional

4. MATERI SEBELUM UTS 01 Introduction to International Accounting 02
World Wide Accounting Diversity 03
International Harmonization of Financial Reporting 04
International Financial Reporting Standard 05
Comparative Accounting 06
FX Transaction and Hedging 07
Translation of Foreign Currency

5. MATERI SETELAH UTS 08 Additional Financial Reporting Issues 09 10
EBM914 - Pemasaran Internasional
Rina Anindita
MATERI SETELAH UTS 08
Additional Financial Reporting Issues 09
Analysis of Foreign Financial Statements 10
International Taxation 11
International Transfer Pricing 12
Strategic Accounting Issues in Multinational Corporations 13
Comparative International Auditing and Corporate Governance 14

6. KEMAMPUAN AKHIR YANG DIHARAPKAN
Evaluasi Hasil Pembelajaran
Diskusi dan Partisipasi 10%
Penulisan Makalah Individu 20%
Penyajian dan Penyelesaian Kasus 20%
Ujian Tengah Semester 25%
Ujian Akhir Semester 25%
EBA 604 – Akuntansi Internasional

7. Introduction to International Accounting
Chapter 1
Introduction to International Accounting

8. Introduction to International Accounting
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the nature and scope of international accounting
2. Describe accounting issues created by international trade
3. Explain reasons for, and accounting issues associated with, foreign direct investment (FDI)

9. Introduction to International Accounting
Learning Objectives
4. Describe the practice of cross-listing on foreign stock exchanges
5. Explain the notion of international harmonization of accounting standards
6. Examine the importance of international trade, FDI, and multinational enterprises (MNEs) in the global economy

10. What is International Accounting?
International Accounting can be
described at three different levels:
The influence on accounting by international political groups such as the OECD, UN, etc.
The accounting practices of companies in response to their own international business activities
The differences in accounting standards and practices between countries
Learning Objective 1

11. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Sale to foreign customer
Most companies’ first encounter with international business occurs as sales to foreign customers.
Often, the sale is made on credit and it is agreed that the foreign customer will pay in its own currency (e.g., Mexican pesos).
Learning Objective 2

12. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Sale to foreign customer
This gives rise to foreign exchange risk as the
value of the foreign currency is likely to change in
relation to the company’s home country currency
(e.g., U.S dollars).
Learning Objective 2

13. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Sale to foreign customer
Suppose that on February 1, 2006, Joe Inc., a U.S.
company, makes a sale and ships goods to Jose,
SA, a Mexican customer, for $100,000 (U.S.).
However, it is agreed that Jose will pay in pesos
on March 2, The exchange (spot) rate as of
February 1, 2006 is pesos per U.S. dollar.
How many pesos does Jose agree to pay?
Learning Objective 2

14. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Sale to foreign customer
Even though Jose SA agrees to pay 1,000,000
pesos ($100,000 x pesos/U.S. $), Joe, Inc.
records the sale (in U.S. dollars) on February 1,
2006 as follows:
Dr. Accounts receivable (+) 100,000
Cr. Sales revenue (+) 100,000
Learning Objective 2

15. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Sale to foreign customer
Suppose that on March 2, 2006, the spot rate for
pesos is 11 pesos/U.S. $). Joe Inc. will receive
1,000,000 pesos, which are now worth $90,909.
Joe makes the following journal entry:
Dr. Cash (+) ,909
Dr. Loss on foreign exchange (+) 9,091
Cr. Accounts receivable 100,000
Learning Objective 2

16. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Hedging
Joe can hedge (i.e., protect itself) against a loss
from an exchange rate fluctuation. Hedging can
be accomplished by various means, including:
Foreign currency option – the right (but not the
obligation) to purchase foreign currency at a
specific exchange rate for a specified period of
time.
Learning Objective 2

17. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Hedging
Forward contract – this is an obligation to
exchange foreign currency at a date in the future,
typically 30, 60 or 90 days.
Learning Objective 2

18. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) – occurs when a
company invests in a business operation in a
foreign country. This represents an alternative to
importing to customers and/or exporting from
suppliers in a foreign country. Two types of FDI
are Greenfield investment and acquisition.
Learning Objective 3

19. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
Greenfield investment – the establishment of a
new operation in the foreign country
Acquisition – investment in an existing operation
in the foreign country.
Learning Objective 3

20. International Transactions, FDI and Related Accounting Issues
FDI creates two primary issues:
The need to convert from local to U.S. GAAP since accounting records are usually prepared using local GAAP.
The need to translate from local currency to U.S. dollars since accounting records are usually prepared using local currency.
Learning Objective 3

21. International Income Taxation
Foreign income taxes – the foreign government will tax the company’s profits at applicable rates.
U.S. income taxes – the U.S. will tax the company’s foreign-based income.
Learning Objective 3

22. International Transfer Pricing
Transfer pricing – setting prices on goods and services exchanged between separate divisions within the same firm. These prices have a direct impact on the profits of the different divisions.
Learning Objective 3

23. International Transfer Pricing
These exchanges are not arms-length
transactions, thus giving rise to the certain
problems in an international context:
Taxation – governments in the various countries
often scrutinize transactions to assure that
sufficient profits are being recorded in that country.
Learning Objective 3

24. International Transfer Pricing
Performance evaluation issues – to the extent that division managers are evaluated based on divisional profits, transfer prices influence division manager performance evaluation.
Learning Objective 3

25. International Auditing
Both internal and external auditors encounter
differences that arise between auditing in an
international vs. domestic context. These
include:
Language and cultural differences
Different accounting standards (GAAP) and auditing standards (GAAS)
Learning Objective 3

26. Cross-listing on Foreign Stock Exchanges
MNEs frequently raise capital outside their
home country. When a company offers its
shares on an exchange outside of its home
country, this is referred to as Cross-Listing.
Learning Objective 4

27. International Harmonization of Accounting Standards
The international movement towards a single
set of worldwide accounting rules is referred to
as Harmonization. International Accounting
Standards (IAS) and U.S. GAAP are currently
the two most important sets of accounting
rules.
Learning Objective 5

28. International Harmonization of Accounting Standards
The Norwalk Agreement
Published in 2002.
Is a promise of cooperation in standard-setting between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).
Represents a significant step toward international harmonization.
Learning Objective 5

29. Several indicators demonstrate the extent of business globalization:
The Global Economy
Several indicators demonstrate the extent of
business globalization:
International trade – In 2001 exports worldwide topped $6 trillion. Between 1987 and 1999, U.S. exporters increased by 233% in number.
Foreign Direct Investment – Between 1982 and 1999 worldwide FDI inflows increased from $58 billion to $865 billion.
Learning Objective 6

30. Several indicators demonstrate the extent of business globalization:
The Global Economy
Several indicators demonstrate the extent of
business globalization:
Multinational enterprises (MNEs) – Companies that have headquarters in one country and operate in one or more other countries. Currently, MNEs account for over one-quarter of the world’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Learning Objective 6

31. Several indicators demonstrate the extent of business globalization:
The Global Economy
Several indicators demonstrate the extent of
business globalization:
International capital markets – In 2001 there were 462 companies representing 53 countries cross-listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In addition, over 60 U.S. companies are cross-listed on foreign exchanges…
Learning Objective 6

32. SEKIAN DAN TERIMA KASIH
EBM914 - Pemasaran Internasional
Rina Anindita