1. A Novel Data Embedding Scheme Using Optimal Pixel Pair Substitution
Source: IEEE transactions on information forensics and security, vol. 7, no. 1, February 2012
Authors: Wien Hong and Tung-Shou Chen
Reporter: Tung-Shou Chen
Date: 2012/06/08

2. Introduction Related work Proposed method Experimental results
Outline
Introduction
Related work
Optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP)
Diamond encoding (DE)
Proposed method
Experimental results
Conclusion

3. Introduction 10100….1 10100….1 Image database key Cover image
Stego image
Stego image
Transmission

4. Related work - Optimal pixel adjustment process (OPAP)

5. Related work - Diamond encoding (DE)

6. Related work - Diamond encoding (DE)

7. Related work - Diamond encoding (DE)
Extract data

8. Proposed method (1/3) c2 c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9
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9. Proposed method (2/3) 5
Neighborhood set (Shaded region) for APPM.

10. Fig. 3 Neighborhood set
Proposed method (3/3)
Extract data

11. Experimental results (1/4)
bpp
LSB
OPAP
APPM
MSE improvement over OPAP 1
0.500
0.375
0.125 2
2.500
1.500
1.344
0.156 3
10.500
5.500
5.203
0.297 4
42.500
21.500
20.518
0.982
MSE Comparison of the proposed method with LSB and OPAP

12. Experimental results (2/4)
Base
bpp DE
APPM
MSE
Improvement k 5
1.161 1
0.4 2 13
1.850
1.077 25
2.322 3
2.080
2.000
0.080 41
2.679 4
3.415 6
3.341
0.074 61
2.965
5.082 8
4.902
0.180 85
3.205
7.082 10
6.847
0.235
113
3.410 7
9.416 31
9.071
0.345
145
3.590
12.083 22
11.890
0.193
181
3.750 9
15.083 39
14.519
0.564
221
3.894
18.416 26
17.787
0.629

13. Experimental results (3/4)
(a) Cover image.
(b) Stego image, 2 bpp at dB.
(c) Stego image, 3 bpp at dB.
(d) Stego
image, 4 bpp at dB.

14. Experimental results (4/4)
MSE comparison of various PPM-based methods. The payload-MSE relationship of APPM is denoted by circles. The -ary digits used for a given payload are marked beside the circle.

15. Conclusion
This paper proposed a simple and efficient data embedding method based on PPM.
APPM allows users to select digits in any notational system for data embedding, and thus achieves a better image quality.
APPM not only resolves the low-payload problem in EMD, but also offers smaller MSE compared with OPAP and DE.

16. Thank you.