1. Macromolecules

2. Biochemistry
The study of all chemical processes that occur in living things

3. The study of all chemicals that contain CARBON
Organic Chemistry
The study of all chemicals that contain CARBON
Also usually contain the elements Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus
CHNOP

4. Carbon: What’s the big deal?
Carbon is important to life because:
It can form 4 strong covalent bonds
It can bind to itself and form LIMITLESS chains
It can form single, double, or triple bonds with another atom

5. Contain CARBON and HYDROGEN
Hydrocarbons
Contain CARBON and HYDROGEN
Highly flammable

6. Examples

7. Hydrocarbon + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat
Reactant(s): ‘ingredient(s)’ of a chemical reaction
Product(s): produced by a reaction

8. Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon + O2  CO2 + H2O + heat
What are the reactants of the reaction above?
Hydrocarbon + O2
What are the products of the reaction above?
CO2 + H2O + heat

9. Macromolecules

10. Monomer The small, relatively simple building blocks of macromolecules
from Greek mono "one" and meros "part”
Like the pearls on this necklace

11. Monomers
You join monomers together to form polymers via DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS:
“de”= DELETE
“hydro”= WATER
So you DELETE WATER to form polymers!

12. What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
Contain C, H, O, and N

13. Monomer
There are 20 amino acids used by the human body!

14. Monomer What are the monomers of carbohydrates? Sugars
Contain C, H, and O

15. Monomers Sugars are also called MONOSACCARIDES Mono= ONE
Saccharide= SUGAR

16. What’s the sugar made in photosynthesis?
Monomer
What’s the sugar made in photosynthesis?
glucose

17. Dimers Two sugars bonded together is called a DISACCARIDE Di= TWO
Saccharide= SUGAR

18. Monomer What are the monomers of nucleic acids? Nucleotides (draw!)
Contain C, H, O, N, and P

19. There are 5 different nucleotides:
Monomer
There are 5 different nucleotides:
Thymine (found ONLY in DNA)
Uracil (found ONLY in RNA)
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

20. Monomer What are the monomers of fats and lipids?
Glycerol and fatty acids (draw!)

21. Monomer
Example of lipids?
Phospholipid bilayer!

22. Macromolecules MACRO= LARGE There are 4 macromolecules we study:
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Lipids and fats

23. Macromolecules Macromolecule Example Function Carbohydrates Sugar
1. Short-term energy
2. Structure
Lipids
Vegetable Oil
1. Long-term energy storage
2. Protection/ Insulation
3. Structure
4. Chemical Messengers
Proteins
Beef
1. Structure
2. Regulate cell processes and
chemical reactions
3. Transport
Nucleic Acids
DNA
1. Store and transmit genetic information

24. Polymer Long, relatively complex chains called macromolecules
Poly “many" and meros "part”
Like the whole necklace

25. Polymer You break polymers apart to form monomers via HYDROLYSIS:
“Hydro”= Water
“lysis”= to break
So you ADD WATER to form monomers

26. Polymer
What are the polymers of amino acids?
proteins

27. Polymers We call the bonds between amino acids PEPTIDE BONDS
Another word for proteins is POLYPEPTIDES

28. Polymer Important classes of proteins include:
Hormones (for communicating between cells in an organism)
Enzymes (speed up reactions)

29. Polymer
What are the polymers of sugars?
CARBOHYDRATES

30. Polymer
Another word for carbohydrates is POLYSACCHARIDE
Poly= many
Saccharide= sugar

31. Polymers Important carbohydrates include:
Cellulose: give structure and support to plants (plant cell walls are made of cellulose!)
Starch (food storage for plants- found in things like potatoes)

32. Polymer What are the polymers of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids! (DNA and RNA)

33. Polymer What are the polymers of glycerol and fatty acids?
Fats and lipids

34. Polymers Important fats include: Cholesterol
Vegetable oils and butter (mmmmmmm butter)

35. POP QUIZ! What are the monomers of PROTEINS?
Amino acids
What are the monomers of CARBOHYDRATES?
sugars
What are the monomers of NUCLEIC ACIDS?
nucleotides
What are the monomers of LIPIDS?
Fatty acids and glycerol

36. Are biological CATALYSTS
Enzymes
Usually end in –ase
Are biological CATALYSTS
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Made of proteins

37. Enzymes
They speed up the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the ACTIVATION ENERGY
The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
Label the chart

39. Enzymes bind to a substance called a substrate (reactants).
Enzymes have an active site.
The active site is the groove (space) where the substrate will fit.

40. Enzymes
Draw and label the diagram:

41. Enzymes
The idea that the enzyme and the substrate fit together perfectly:
Lock-and-key hypothesis

42. Enzymes
The current hypothesis is the induced fit hypothesis: an enzyme can slightly change its shape to better mold around a substrate.

43. Enzymes Enzymes work best at a pH between 6 and 8 (close to neutral).
Going above or beyond this range will cause enzymes to denature (cook!) and lose their function.

44. Enzymes
The optimum (best) temperature for enzymes is between 35oC and 40oC (around human body temperature).
Above this temperature, enzymes denature or lose their shape.
Below this temperature, enzymes are too cold to work

45. Examples of Enzymes Enzyme Function 1. Maltase Breaks down maltose
2. Sucrase
Breaks down sucrose (table sugar)
3. Lactase
Breaks down lactose
4. Pepsin
(stomach) Breaks down proteins
5. Bromalin
(fruits) Breaks down proteins
6. Peroxidase
Breaks down peroxide