1. Politics and the State in the Renaissance (1450-1521)
McKay

2. Agenda Renaissance Quest Tuesday Begin “New Monarchs” Homework
Read Chapter 14 ( )

3. Roots of the New Monarchs
End of the 100 Years War
King John Signs Magna Carta
Fall of Rome
Black Death Begins
No Central Authority
Noble Power begins to weaken
Feudalism Begins
Viking Invasions Begin
Birth of Parliament under Edward I

4. New Monarchies Characteristics
term generally associated with Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand/Isabella (Renaissance Rulers)
Began to centralize power & rule in modern sense
Suppressed feudalism & nobility
Curtailed power of Catholic Church
Stressed heredity rule
Favored by Bourgeoisie (town people)
Create professional armies
Levied taxes
Pay for large armies
Kept order (commerce)
Encourage industry
Encourage humanism
Magna Charta

5. France Black Death and 100 Years war devastating
Depopulation, economic disruption, devastated agriculture
Charles VII ( )
Physically frail, emotionally insecure (father was insane, mother promiscuous)
expelled English in 1453
Except Calais
Reorganized royal council
Gave more power to middle class
Lawyers, bankers became chief advisers
Began standing army
Established regular companies of cavalry, archers (paid by king)
Controlled taxes
Gabelle (salt tax) and Taille (land tax)
Helped pay for large army

6. France Louis XI (1461-1483) Son of Charles VII Spider King
Had led rebellions against his father and even allied with his father’s arch enemies
Known for his treacherous (machiavellian) character of spinning webs of plots and conspiracies
Used standing army to control nobles
Took control of Anjou, Bar, Maine, Provence
Promoted economic growth
Restored old Roman roads
Encouraged Trade fairs
Silk weaving
Welcomed foreign craftsmen
Traded with England, Hanseatic league
Interested in science, Louis XI once pardoned a man sentenced to death on condition that he serve as a guinea pig in a gallstone operation.

7. France King Francis I King Francis I Concordat of Bologna (1516)
Rescinded Pragmatic Sanction
Had denied Pope revenue
Pope receives annates ($ from French clergymen)
But Louis gets to appoint bishops and abbots
IE. King still controls Catholic Church in France
France remains Catholic during Reformation
Leonardo died in his arms

8. England King Henry IV dominated by nobles Fur collar crime rampant
Parliament controlled by feudal lords (blocked consolidation)
War of the Roses ( )
Civil War between noble families
Yorkists and the Lancastrians
Trade, commerce, agriculture, industry all suffered due to chronic disorder
Tudors (of York) emerge victorious after War of Roses
Had slowed trade, agriculture, industry
Lancaster
York

9. England
Henry VII ( )
Passed laws against livery and maintenance
Weakened Barons
Lords prevented from maintaining private armies and wearing livery (family insignia)
Used diplomacy to avoid war
Eliminated the power of Parliament $$$
Married son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon
Created alliance with Spain
Royal council
12-15 (mostly middle class) used as executive advisers
Passed laws favoring upper middle class
Trade, money interests

10. England Star Chamber King’s private council/ trial No jury present
Ignore parliament
Decided property disputes, disturbances of peace
Way of weakening/ killing unruly nobles
Most nobles accepted because it kept order
Had no standing army
But Utilized justices of the peace to police local towns
Encouraged wool exports
Diplomacy
Crushed Irish invasion
Married Margaret (daughter) to Scottish king

11. Spain Aragon and Castile
Ferdinand and Isabella united Spain through marriage
Ferdinand was not ultra religious
But wanted to appear moral and anti-herectical
True unifying force was Catholicism
Crusade against Moors
Inquisition served as unifying legal force
Catholicism viewed as Spanishness
Reconquesta- Jews and Moors expelled in 1492
Moriscos (Muslim converts)
Marranos (Jewish converts)
viewed as “unfaithful” and heretics
Inquisition tortured thousands
Ferdinand received papal permission
If it became unpopular he could blame the Pope
Hermandades- “brotherhoods”
Local police & judges brutally suppressed crime
Spain emerged as “defender of the faith”
Exported Catholicism to New World
Crusade mentality permeates society

12. Rise of Hapsburgs
Maximilian I ( ) married heiress of Burgundy and Netherlands
Their Son Philip married Joanna of Spain (heiress to Ferdinand and Isabella)
Their son Charles inherited Austria, Netherlands, Burgundy, Spain, New World
Elected HRE in 1519 as Charles V
Most powerful ruler (on paper)

13. Holy Roman Empire’s New Monarchy
Not a “New Monarchy”
Never able to centralize control over vast territory
Holy Roman Empire
comprised of 4 States
Princely States- hereditary dynasties (Brandenburg)
Ecclesiastical- Abbacies (owned vast amounts of territory)
Imperial Free Cities- (about 50) bourgeoisie dominated
Imperial Knights-lords of small estates (loyal to HRE)
A polyglot empire
Multiple languages and cultures
Emperor
Elected by 7 Princes who held special title of Electors
Charles V
“I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to my men, and German to my horse.”

16. Stage is Set for Revolution
Image of Church greatly diminished
Few reform-minded leaders in Church
Monarchs are centralizing power
Fear of Universal Monarchy ushers in new allies