1. Earth Dimensions

2. The Structure of Earth

3. 1. The Lithosphere: The rock near Earth’s surface, which is covered by a layer of soil or loose rock.

4. Lithosphere
Thickness: Varies from about 70 to 150 km

5. Lithosphere
b. Composition: Oxygen and Silicon are the two most abundant elements by mass.

6. Lithosphere
c. Density: Approximately 2.7 – 3.0 g/cm3

7. 2. Hydrosphere: The liquid layer of the Earth

8. Hydrosphere
Approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water a. Thickness: The oceans extend to an average depth of 3.5 to 4 km

9. Hydrosphere
b. Composition: Hydrogen and Oxygen

10. Hydrosphere
c. Density: 1 g/cm3

11. 3. Atmosphere: The shell of gas surrounding the earth

12. Atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into 4 distinct layers based on temperature. 1) Troposphere 2) Stratosphere 3) Mesosphere 4) Thermosphere

13. Atmosphere
a. Thickness: The atmosphere extends several hundred km into space.

14. Atmosphere
b. Composition: Composed primarily of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%).

15. Atmosphere
c. Density: Extremely low.

16. The Shape of the Earth
The Earth appears to be a perfect sphere.

17. Actual Shape of Earth
Earth Measurements Diameter(km) Circumference(km) Polar 12,714 40,008 Equatorial 12,756 40,076

18. Actual Shape of Earth
Earth is actually an Oblate Spheroid, slightly flattened at the poles and bulging a little at the equator

19. Evidence of Earth’s Round Shape
Pictures of Earth

20. Ships appear to sink

21. Changing positions of the sun and stars

22. Locating Positions on Earth
1. Coordinate Systems:
A system of lines forming a grid on the earth’s surface; a pair of coordinates (latitude & longitude) is used to locate positions on earth.

23. On the map horizontal lines
are lines of latitude and....
vertical lines are lines of
longitude.
The X axis is the equator
and the Y axis which runs
through Greenwich, England
is the Prime Meridian.
Equator
Prime Meridian

24. Any location north of the equator is a NORTH LATITUDE

25. Any location south of the equator is a SOUTH LATITUDE

26. Any location west of the prime meridian is a WEST LONGITUDE

27. Any location east of the prime meridian is an EAST LONGITUDE

28. We can divide the Earth into quadrants: NE where all
latitudes are NORTH and all longitudes are EAST.

29. We can divide the Earth into quadrants: SE where all
latitudes are SOUTH and all longitudes are EAST.

30. We can divide the Earth into quadrants: SW where all
latitudes are SOUTH and all longitudes are WEST.

31. We can divide the Earth into quadrants: NW where all
latitudes are NORTH and all longitudes are WEST.
Notice that EVERY point in the United States will have a NORTH
latitude and a WEST longitude since we are in the NW quadrant.

34. Latitude and Longitude of NYS

35. III. Measuring Latitude(parallels)
Angular distance in degrees north or south of the equator. 0o

36. Polaris:
Also called the North star. Any location North of the equator has a latitude equal to the angle of Polaris above the horizon.
Polaris
Location X: latitude =
50o
40o
to horizon X

37. Polaris
43o
North
East
Joe Cool's latitude = 43oNorth

38. IV. Measuring Longitude (meridians)
Angular distance in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. 0o

39. Longitude Lines of longitude begin at the Prime Meridian.
60° E is the 60° line of longitude east of the Prime Meridian.
60° W is the
60° line of
longitude west
of the Prime
Meridian.
The Prime Meridian is located at 0°. It is neither east or west W E
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

40. Longitude
180° N
North Pole W E
West Longitude
East Longitude
PRIME MERIDIAN S
Lines of longitude are numbered east from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line and west from the Prime Meridian to the 180° line.
TEKS: Social Studies –
6.22 (A), Using social studies terminology correctly
7.22 (A), 8.31 (A)

41. Earth rotates west to east Solar time is based on the position of the sun NIGHT IS FALLING ON EARTH
Look at the East Coast of the United States. The lights are already lit.
California the sun is still visible.

43. This pictures shows AMERICAN CITIES at night.

44. It’s still daylight in California
Saguenay
Sept-Iles
Thunder Bay
Toronto
St.John
Ottawa
It’s still daylight in California
Québec
Montréal
Those light are Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Washington.
Detroit
Dallas
Puerto Rico
Houston
Miami
Mexico City
Havana
Port-au-Prince

45. The earth rotates 360o in 24 hours one day at a rate of…..
There 24 time zones around the world because of Earth’s rate of rotation. What is Earth’s rate of rotation?
The earth rotates 360o in 24 hours one day at a rate of….. .

46. If it is 9pm on the 45oE longitude line,
Time Zones-
For every 15o of longitude traveled, time increases by 1 hour traveling eastward, and decreases by 1 hour traveling westward.
If it is 9pm on the 45oE longitude line,
what time is it on the 15oW longitude line?
5 pm
West
East
45o o o o o o o

47. Time is forward to all places to the east WEST LESS
ANOTHER CHEESY SAYING
EAST INCREASE
Time is forward to all places to the east
WEST LESS
Time is backward to all places to the west

49. East Increase – West Less (1 hr per l5°)
If it 9 p.m. at Position D, what time is it at position C? Position B?
If it is 1 p.m. at Position X, at which location is the time 5 p.m.

50. V. Fields
A field is a region of space in which a similar quantity can be measured at every point or location.

51. Isolines
Lines that connect points of equal value on a field map.

52. Isotherms

53. Isobars

54. Contour Lines

55. VII. Topographic Maps (Contour Maps)
Shows the shape of Earth’s surface using contour lines to indicate the elevation above sea level.

57. What is the contour Interval?

58. What is the contour interval?

59. stream flow direction-
When contour lines cross streams, the lines bend, making a “V” that points upstream, the stream flows in the opposite direction.
What direction is the stream flowing?
Southwest

61. Depression Contours -
Depression Contours indicate a depression in the land. Hachure marks are drawn on contour lines and point towards the center of the depression.

62. The first depression contour line has the same value as the lowest ordinary contour line next to it.

63. Values between lines:
What values exist between the 700 foot contour line and the 720 foot contour line?

64. N X
When contour lines are close to each other, the slope of the land is
steep
Place an X to show the steeper side.

65. d. definition of gradient-
average slope of the land.
Gradient =

66. Mrs. Stein just climbed Mt Kilamanjaro. Pretty intense
Mrs. Stein just climbed Mt Kilamanjaro. Pretty intense! She started her journey at 5,000 feet. The summit of Kilamanjaro is 19,000 feet. The trail was 10 miles long. Calculate the gradient of her journey! Use ESA

67. Calculate the gradient between points x and y:

68. profiles:
A cross sectional view; a vertical slice of land.

70. Finding the Distance Between Two Points in New York State

71. Question: What is the distance, in miles between Ithaca and Watertown, NY?
First, open your Earth Science Reference Tables to page 3, the Generalized
Bedrock Geology Map

72. Find the two cities, Ithaca and Watertown (red dots)

73. Using an index card or blank piece of paper, line up one edge between the two cities. Be accurate!

74. Make a small, straight mark on the card at the location of each city (red lines).

75. Move the card to the key. Be sure to use the “miles” side since that’s what
the question is asking for. Place one of the red marks on the 0.

76. With one of your red marks at the 0, make a mark at the end of the key
at 50 miles (see blue line).

77. Now slide the card along until the blue mark is at 0
Now slide the card along until the blue mark is at 0. Make a note that the
distance between your first red mark and the blue mark is 50 miles.

78. Make another mark at the end of the key (second blue mark) and note that
the distance between the two blue marks is another 50 miles.

79. Slide the card over until the second blue mark is on the 0
Slide the card over until the second blue mark is on the 0. Note that the
distance between the blue mark and your second red mark is another 10 miles.

80. Now just add up the miles. Ithaca is 110 miles from Watertown.

81. Things to remember
1) Read the question carefully. Be sure you know
whether you’re measuring miles or kilometers.
2) When making the marks at the cities or mountains
be sure your line is on the dot representing that city
or the triangle representing the mountain.
3) Be accurate. Make small straight marks and keep track
of distances measured at the key.
4) Don’t be lazy. Go back and check your work!