1. Kingdom Protista Objectives:
Describe the main characteristics of the Protista Kingdom
How are Protists classified and want are the characteristics of each group.
Explain how complex eukaryote cells are thought to have evolved from much simpler prokaryotic cells?

2. The Kingdom Protista
composed of microscopic and macroscopic organisms of various types
these organisms are classified together mostly because they do not fit into other kingdoms
the phyla are not closely related
protists are less diverse than bacteria or archaea, but are more diverse than the other eukaryotic kingdoms

3. Main Characteristics eukaryotic (like plants, animals and fungi)
can be autotrophic or heterotrophic; most are aerobic
most are single celled, but not all are

4. Classification
Three main groups: Protozoa – animal-like Algae – plant-like Slime Moulds – fungus-like and Water Moulds

5. Protozoa Animalia Protozoa
the protozoa should belong in the Animal Kingdom except for one reason:
they are unicellular
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Reproduce sexually/asexually
Terrestrial and aquatic
Multicellular
Protozoa
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
No cell wall
Reproduce asexually/sexually
Aquatic only – water, body fluids, moist areas
Unicellular

6. Protozoa
the protozoa obtain their food as scavengers, as predators (engulfing bacteria through endocytosis), or as parasites living in larger organisms
most are motile – classification based on method of locomotion (except Sporozoans)
there are 4 major phyla
Sarcodines (use pseudopods)
Ciliates (use cillia)
Flagellates (use flagella)
Sporozoans (parasites)

7. Protozoa
Sarcodines (aka amoeba) – produce limb- like extensions of the cytoplasm called pseudopodia to move and engulf prey
Ciliates – covered in cilia that have a coordinated beat to enable organism to move
Flagellates – have one or more whip-like flagella that enable movement
Sporozoans (parasites) – produce spores

8. Protozoa
Many of the protozoans are parasitic, many of which prey on humans
Malaria:
Plasmodium sp.
Amoebic Dysentry:
Entamoeba hystolytica
Beaver Fever:
Giardia lamblia

9. Algae
the algae should belong in the Plant Kingdom except for, lots of reasons:
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic
Terrestrial (and aquatic)
Cellulose cell wall
Multicellular
Reproduce sexually/asexually
Algae
Eukaryotic
Autotrophic (wee bit of hetero)
Exclusively aquatic
Cellulose cell wall with gel-like substance thrown in
Multicellular/Unicellular
Reproduce asexually/ “sexually” – no embryo
Some are motile

10. Algae Six phyla based partly on the types of chloroplasts and pigments
Dinoflagellates – unicellular
Euglenoids – unicellular
Diatoms – unicellular
Red Algae – multicellular
Brown Algae - multicellular
Green Algae – multicellular (mostly)

11. Algae Brown Algae Red Algae Euglenoids Dinoflagellates Bioluminescence
Green Algae

12. Slime Moulds and Water Moulds
Very difficult to classify:
Produce spores like fungi
Have cellulose cell walls like plants
Some can move and ingest food like protozoans

13. Water Moulds must be wet (soil is wet)
officially named Oomycota, but known as downy mildews and white rusts
Phytophthora infestans caused the Great Potato Famine that killed nearly a million people in Ireland in 1846–1847
Plasmopara viticol almost wiped out the French wine industry in the 1870s
it was brought to Europe from America to use as a natural insecticide for aphids
this infestation led to the use of the first fungicide 

14. Slime Moulds
Professor John Tyler Bonner: slime moulds are "no more than a bag of amoeba encased in a thin slime sheath, yet they manage to have various behaviours that are equal to those of animals who possess muscles and nerves with ganglia – that is, simple brains."
basically, it is like a group of amoeba living together as opposed to the cellular structure of the true fungi

15. Slime Moulds Two groups: Cellular slime moulds (Ascrasiomycota)
Plasmodial slime moulds (Myxomycota)

16. Slime Molds Dog Vomit SM SM growing on grass but not eating it
Chocolate Tube SM

17. Evolution...
it has been hypothesized that protists evolved from ancient prokaryotes more than 1 bya
fungi, plants and animals then evolved from protists hundreds of millions of years ago
however, even protists in the same phyla can be completely unrelated so… ?

18. Origin of Eukaryotes
How did complex eukaryote cells evolve from much simpler prokaryotic cells? possible theory - Endosymbiosis