1. Adoption of agricultural technologies
Agrarian Structure, Adoption of Technologies and Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India
Anjani Kumar, K M Singh, M K Sinha, Usha Rani Ahuja, Rajni Jain and P Shinoj

2. Outline Agrarian structure Evidence on adoption of technologies
Adoption and Productivity
Factors affecting adoption
Theoretical framework
Some evidence
Conclusions and policy implications

3. Agrarian structure-macro trends

4. Increasing predominance of smallholders

5. Agrarian structure: Evidence from field

6. Fragmentation of holdings

7. Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%)
Incidence of tenancy
Share of leased-in land in the operational holding (%) 
State
Labour
Small
Medium
Large
All
Bihar
55.9
7.2
0.3
0.0
2.1
Jharkhand
40.4
7.5
3.7
3.8
Odisha
80.2
11.6
5.6
5.5
11.1
Eastern States
65.1
9.0
3.5
6.1

8. Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%)
Incidence of tenancy
Share of leased-out land in the operational holding (%) 
State
Labour
Small
Medium
Large
All
Bihar
0.0
8.2
14.7
28.1
22.3
Jharkhand
10.4
1.7
2.1
2.9
Odisha
4.7
12.3
22.7
16.4
Eastern States
3.0
4.9
10.3
19.0
14.5

9. % of households leasing-in land
Incidence of tenancy
% of households leasing-in land 
State
Labour
Small
Medium
Large
All
Bihar
20.0
12.5
2.5
0.0
8.8
Jharkhand
10.0
9.4
Odisha
27.5
15.0
17.5
18.8
Eastern States
13.3
5.8
12.3

10. % of households leasing –out land
Incidence of tenancy
% of households leasing –out land
State
Labour
Small
Medium
Large
All
Bihar
0.0
25.0
32.5
40.0
24.4
Jharkhand
12.5
10.0
7.5
15.0
11.3
Odisha
30.0
13.1
Eastern States
4.2
14.2
18.3
28.3
16.3

11. Adoption of agricultural technologies
Area under HYVs of cereals as percent of total area under cereals
Period
Bihar
Orissa
West Bengal
Eastern Region
India TE
22.3
5.7
18.3
16.6
19.1 TE
55.0
29.0
37.7
41.6
44.8 TE
57.9
55.1
59.6
57.7
63.8 TE
54.8
62.8
89.4
69.8 NA
Agricultural Statistics at a Glance, various years.

12. Fertilizer use per ha of NSA in Eastern India
(kg NPK)
Period
Bihar
Odisha
West Bengal
Eastern Region
India TE
10.2
7.1
26.2
9.5 TE
26.6
13.6
48.4
28.8
42.5 TE
79.6
31.2
140.0
80.5
87.8 TE
141.8
67.0
242.2
147.5
142.7

13. Share of irrigated area in total area under cultivation in Eastern India
(%)
Period
Bihar
Orissa
West Bengal
Eastern Region
India TE
24.3
16.6
26.3
22.6
18.6 TE
27.5
18.0 TE
35.5
20.0
28.2
28.6
28.0 TE
44.5
31.3
35.8
37.8
34.3 TE
56.1
32.2
59.2
48.8
42.4

14. Share of HYVs in cropped area (%)
State
Labour
Small
Medium
Large
All
Bihar
97.9
89.6
86.2
89.5
89.0
Jharkhand
39.4
45.7
46.6
48.1
46.7
Odisha
58.4
75.2
69.3
73.9
72.0
Eastern States
63.1
75.5
74.4
79.7
77.2
Paddy
99.9
95.6
94.0
94.9
42.0
42.8
48.3
51.5
48.5
81.6
87.1
85.6
92.9
89.4
72.6
79.2
82.2
85.5
83.2
Wheat
100.0
94.2
98.6
97.7
0.0
54.1
66.7
24.8
44.7
99.4
95.8
94.1
98.3
97.2
Maize
98.5
40.1
65.4
47.3
68.8
60.7
67.7
68.3
83.1
73.5

15. % households using different inputs
State
Fertilizer
Organic material
Insecticide/pesticide
Irrigation
Machinary
Bihar
100.0
0.8
26.6
Jharkhand
81.2
24.1
5.7
30.3
Odisha
93.8
56.8
22.8
17.0
62.7
Eastern States
91.5
26.9
18.1
49.1
61.6

16. Adoption and productivity
  Extent of adoption of HYVs
 (kg/ha)
Crop
State
<30 %
30 to 60 %
> 60 %
All
Paddy
Bihar
28.2
30.4
38.1
37.7
Jharkhand
15.5
18.5
28.1
24.4
Odisha
21.5
31.3
30.6
Eastern States
20.3
22.9
34.3
32.3
Maize
0.0
12.4
26.3
27.7
14.4
22.2
27.1
22.1
5.7
20.7
20.6
19.3
Wheat
23.6
12.6
28.0
20.2
17.8
19.1
22.8
27.9

17. Adoption analysis Characteristics of technologies
Yield enhancing
Risk reducing
Improving quality
Reducing cost of production
Reducing externalities
Factors for adoption of technologies
Input and output markets
Land markets
Labour market
Insurance/means for risk reduction
Credit markets
Efficiency in flow of information
Externalities

18. Adoption analysis Constraints in access to technologies
Constraints in adoption of technologies
Impact of adoption of technologies
Productivity
Income
Poverty
Food security
Nutrition security
Equity (class/region)

19. Analysis for determinants of adoption
Farmer characteristics
Farm assets/resources
Institutional factors
Extension
Bio-physical factors
Farmers’ behaviour

20. Analysis for adoption Models For impact of adoption Probit/logit Tobit
Double-hurdle model
For impact of adoption
Partial equilibrium models
Randomized control treatment
Propensity Score Matching
Difference in difference models

21. Thank you