1. 3.2 Plant Kingdom

2. Types of plants Non-vascular Plants – Bryophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seed Producing Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

3. Bryophytes
BASICS:
No vascular tissue (i.e. depend on diffusion and osmosis for nutrient)
No true roots, but they do have rhizoids
Located in mats – holding water like a sponge
3 phyla of bryophytes
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts – pg 96 – description + location

4. Seedless Vascular Plants
BASICS
Has a true vascular system – allowing them to grow tall!
Sporophyte generation > gametophyte
4 phyla:
Whisk ferns
Club mosses
Horsetails
Ferns – pg 98 – description + location

5. Fern life cycle – pg 99
A) Spores germinate / mature to become the gametophyte (specifically called prothallus)
B) Gametophyte has male and female organs
Male organs = antheridia
Female organs = archegonia
C) Each sexual organ produces their gametes
D) Fertilization occurs forming the zygote
E) Zygote matures into the sporophyte
F) Sporophyte’s fronds contains the sori (pod-like structure),where the spores are made

6. Seed-producing Vascular Plants
Seeds allow plants to reproduce sexually WITHOUT water
Also provides protection against harsh environmental conditions
TYPE 1: Gymnosperms – seeds are not enclosed
TYPE 2: Angiosperms – seeds are enclosed in a hard protective tissue

7. Gymnosperms
Common examples: Cone-bearing trees (conifers) like fir and spruce
Their reproductive structure is the cone
Male cones = soft and short lived
Female cones = hard and longer lasting; also have scales where the eggs develop
Fertilization requires sperm from male cones to be transported to female cones via pollen grains
Pollen grains (male gametophyte) released into the wind, land on female cone, then releases the sperm cells to fertilize the eggs

8. Angiosperms Aka FLOWERING PLANTS
Reproduce using flowers and their seeds are contained in the fruit
Examples: roses, non-coniferous trees like oak and maples
90% of all plants are angiosperms!

9. Reproductive structure = flower
Male gametophyte produces pollen grains (again!) that has the sperm
If the angiosperm has small flowers, they depend on WIND for the transport of the pollen grains
If the angiosperm has big, colorful flowers, they depend on animals and insects (pollinators – hummingbirds, flies, bats), aside from just the wind
Ex. Carrion flower - flies

10. Flower structure Four main organs
1) Sepals – surrounds and protects the flower bud
2) Petals – colourful structures to attract pollinators
3) Male Stamens – produces pollen grains
3 parts to this organ
4) Female Pistil – contains the ovary
4 parts to this organ

12. Stamen structure
1) Anther – where pollen grains are produced and stored
2) Pollen grain – contains the sperm
3) Filament stalk – tube that supports the anther

13. Pistil structure
1) Stigma – sticky top that captures the pollen grains
2) Style – tube that supports the height of the stigma
3) Ovary – contains ovules
4) Ovules – sacs that contain the eggs

14. Homework:
What is the fruit for??? Why has it been successful in the process of plant reproduction? Pg 103
Pg 104 #1, 8, 10