1. Generalizing or generating?
Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. de Jong
Delft,
TUD

2. Minnaert

3. De Sonnenborgh in Utrecht

4. Het onderzoek van Minnaert

5. Solar spectrum

6. Atlas of the solar spectrum 1940

7. De medewerkers

8. 17 april 1943

9. Arierverklaring

10. Geen colleges, practica en examens

11. Een enclave

12. Onderduikende student-assistenten

13. Radiotelescoop

14. Empirical research generalizes probabilities reduced in verbal language
problem statement (problem isolation)
clear aim
references
starting points
hypothesis
variables
data
method
content
publish

15. Design study
begins without an object

16. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists 16

17. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems 17

18. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims 18

19. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts 19

20. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts
has no other starting point than this context 20

21. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts
has no other starting point than this context
has no other hypothesis than a design concept as a possibility 21

22. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts
has no other starting point than this context
has no other hypothesis than a design concept as a possibility
has a content increasing by drawing, calculating and writing 22

23. Design study begins without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts
has no other starting point than this context
has no other hypothesis than a design concept as a possibility
has a content increasing by drawing, calculating and writing
publishes by realisation, the medium as the message 23

24. Empirical research generalizes probabilities
problem statement (problem isolation)
clear aim
references
starting points
hypothesis
variables
data
method
content
publish 24

25. You may know probable futures
From empirical research

26. You may design possible futures
Design is not always science,
but science is a design!
Anything probable is possible, but, not anything possible is also probable.
There are improbable possibilities: the core of design

27. Design study generates possibilities
Research produces probabilities by causes
Design produces possibilities by conditions

28. You may want desirable futures
Some are probable, Some are possible, others are not.

29. Aims are desirable possibilities, problems undesirable probabilities
Probable futures you do not want
Possible futures you want

30. Three language games involved three modes of reason
Modal verb first
You ‘can know’, not ‘know can’

31. Field of problems and aims
Problems: probable, but not desirable futures
Aims: desirable, but not probable futures

32. Modes of thinking
IMAGINABLE
POSSIBLE
PROBABLE
desirable

33. Managerial Cultural Economic Technical Ecological Physical
Layers of the context
Managerial Cultural Economic Technical Ecological Physical

34. Levels of the context R = 1m R = 3m R = 10m R = 30m R = 100m R = 300m

35. Context analysis first
Levels
Layers

36. Intention Function Structure Form Content
Orders of the object
Intention Function Structure Form Content

37. Design study starts without an object
is bound to a managerial, cultural, economic, technical, ecological and spatial context, its stakeholders and specialists
can not isolate problems from this coherent field of problems
can not isolate a clear target from this coherent field of aims
has images as references: forms, types, models, concepts
has no other starting point than this context
has no other hypothesis than a design concept as a possibility
has a content increasing by drawing, calculating and writing
publishes with the medium as a message
has many ways to study (a book with key words) 37

38. Ways to study

39. Ways to Study and Research urban, architectural and technical design
CONTENTS
Introduction
Naming and describing
Design research and typology
Evaluating
Modeling
Programming and optimizing
Technical Study 
Design Study
Study by design
Epilogue
Empirical research
Study by design
Research: the object is determined
Study: the object is variable
Design research: studying existing designs
Typology: more general designerly conclusions
Design study: designing in a more ore less determined context (commisioner of programme of rewuirements).
Study by design: both object and context are variable. Change between typology and design study.
Eerste methodologiecommissie: Priemus en Tzonis o.l.v. Rosemann, indeling Den Draak
Tweede methodologiecommissie AI: vd Bergh, Eekhout, de Jong:
Twee opdrachten: boek en evaluatie AI-voorstellen
Boek: spitsroedenlopen tussen empirici en ontwerpers, nauwelijks auteurs AI-deelnemers
Schema: bewerking van een schema van Frieling, laatste bewerking van Frieling niet meer gebruikt.

40. An explicit future context
protects your study against judgements with other suppositions about the future context
raises the debate about the robustness of your study in different future contexts
makes your study comparable to other studies in comparable contexts
raises a ‘field of problems’ instead of an isolated ‘problem statement’ by subtracting desirable futures from the probable ones

41. Explicit impacts within that context
indicate actors and specialists to join the team or take into account
imply a societal and personal relevance or fascination
imply a field of aims
imply actors willing to finance your study
could produce a programme of requirements
before you have a precise study proposal !

42. Design variables R=1m (0.3-3m)

43. Design variables R=3m (1-10m)

44. Design variables R=10m (3-30m)

45. Design variables R=30m (10-100m)

46. Design variables R=100m (30-300m)

47. Design variables R=300m (0.1-1km)

48. Form is dispersion in space

49. Variables dispersed in space

50. Spotmap The Hague

51. Spotmap Almere 10x10km

52. How to limitate, concentrate
give way to fascinations (motivated concentrations)
choose a scale (frame and grain) before an object
publish your portfolio evaluating it as field of abilities
decide to improve or to extend them in your proposal
publish images that fascinate you as a field of means
look at them as a professional: which concepts, types, models programmes could you harvest?
make your assumptions about the future explicit
imagine the impacts your study could have
cash your dreams