1. 11-4-16 Aim: How did nationalism lead to the development of modern nations?
Nationalism contributes to the formation of two new nations and a new political order in Europe

2. Nationalism: A Force for Unity or Disunity
Two Views of Nationalism
Nationalists use their common bonds to build nation-states
Rulers eventually use nationalism to unify their subjects
Three different types of nationalist movements:
unification merges culturally similar lands
separation splits off culturally distinct groups
state-building binds separate cultures into one

4. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
Austria includes people from many ethnic groups
1866 defeat in Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) and Hungarian nationalism forces emperor to split the empire into Austria and Hungary
still ruled by emperor
Flag of Austria-Hungary representing two kingdoms, but ruled by one emperor. This was a concession to Hungarian nationalism.

5. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Russia Empire Crumbles
After 370 years, Russian czars begin losing control over their empire
Russification—forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture
policy further disunites Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism

6. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
The Ottoman Empire Weakens
Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens the empire.
Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks.

7. Case Study: Italy Cavour Unites Italy
Italy forms territory from crumbling empires
Italians want independence from foreign rulers

9. Case Study: Italy Cavour Leads Italian Unification
Camillo di Cavour—prime minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1852
Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land

10. Case Study: Italy Garibaldi Brings Unity
Giuseppe Garibaldi—leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy
Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy with Sardinia
Garibaldi steps aside, allowing the king of Sardinia to rule
Control of Venetia and Papal States finally unites Italy

11. Case Study: Germany Bismarck Unites Germany
Beginning in 1815, thirty-nine German states form the German Confederation
Prussia Leads German Unification
Prussia has advantages that help it to unify Germany
mainly German population
powerful army
creation of liberal constitution

12. Case Study: Germany Bismarck Takes Control
Junkers—conservative wealthy landowners—support Prussian Wilhelm I
Junker realpolitik master Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister
Realpolitik—power politics without room for idealism
Bismarck defies Prussian parliament

13. Case Study: Germany Prussia Expands
Prussia and Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia

14. Case Study: Germany Seven Weeks War
Bismarck creates a border dispute with Austria to provoke a war
Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany
Eastern and western parts of Prussian kingdom are joined for the first time.

15. Case Study: Germany The Franco-Prussian War
Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser—emperor of a united Germany—at Versailles
Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance.

17. To some Germans, Bismarck was the greatest and noblest of Germany’s statesmen. They say he almost singlehandedly unified the nation and raised it to greatness. To others, he was nothing but a devious politician who abused his powers and led Germany into dictatorship.
His speeches, letters, and memoirs show him to be both crafty and deeply religious. At one moment, he could declare, “It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured by the strong.” At another moment he might claim, “We Germans shall never wage aggressive war, ambitious war, a war of conquest.”

18. A Shift in Power Balance Is Lost
In 1815 the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe:
Austria
Prussia
Britain
France
Russia
By 1871, Britain and Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
Austria and Russia are weaker militarily and economically