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Ecology
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1. Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment.
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2. Biosphere Portions of the planet where all life exists – land, water, air, atmosphere Bio = Life
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3. Species A group of organisms so similar that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
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4. Populations Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.
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Example Populations in Pennsylvania
White Tailed Deer Coyote (Odocoileus virginianus) (Canis latrans) Ring Necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)
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Plant Populations in Pennsylvania
Hemlock Red Maple (Tsuga heterophylla) (Acer rubrum)
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5. Communities Assemblages of different populations that live together in a defined area Assemblages = Several things grouped together or considered as a whole
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6. Ecosystem A collection of all the organisms (biotic component) that live together in a particular place, together with their physical environment Physical Environment = rocks, soil, water, air (abiotic)
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Ecosystems Aquatic ecosystems – In water – can be freshwater, marine (ocean), or a mixture of both (estuary, brackish water) Terrestrial ecosystems – on land
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7. Biome A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar
dominant communities
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8. The 6 levels of organization that ecologists study
Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome, Biosphere
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9. What is the main energy source for life on earth?
Sunlight
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10. Autotroph Organisms that can use energy from the sun to produce their own food Algae Plants Cyanobacteria
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11. What is another name for an autotroph?
Producer
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12. What is the process where autotrophs use
12. What is the process where autotrophs use solar energy to make energy- rich carbohydrates? Photosynthesis
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13. What organisms are the most visible and best-known autotrophs?
Plants
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What is it called when organisms use
chemical energy, instead of sunlight, to produce carbohydrates (sugars)? Chemosynthesis
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Write down the chemical equation for chemosynthesis and photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + 3H2S C6H12O6 + 3H2SO4 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight Answer the following: What are the 3 inputs in the chemosynthesis equation? (use words) What are the 3 inputs in the photosynthesis equation? (use words) What is the name of the carbohydrate produced in each process? What is the by-product of chemosynthesis? What is the by-product of photosynthesis? Write a short statement that explains chemosynthesis and photosynthesis.
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15. List an example of an autotroph that
15. List an example of an autotroph that can produce carbohydrates from chemical energy. Chemosynthetic Bacteria
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16. Heterotroph Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
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17. What is another name for a heterotroph?
Consumer
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18. Herbivore Organisms that obtain energy by eating plants
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19. Carnivore Eat other animals
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20. Omnivore Eat both plants and animals
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21. Detritivore Eat dead plant and animal remains – mites, earthworms, snails
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22. Decomposer Break down organic matter – bacteria, fungi
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Interactions among organisms
Predator/Prey Commensalism – One benefits but the other is unaffected Mutualism – Both organisms benefit Parasitism – One organism is hurt while the other benefits
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23. Food chain A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
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24. ______ _______show the one way flow of energy in an ecosystem.
Food chains
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25. Is the algae a producer or consumer?
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26. Is the algae an autotroph or heterotroph?
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27. Detritus Collective terms for dead plant and animal remains
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28. Food Web Links all of the food chains in an ecosystem together
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29. What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
A food chain shows a one-way flow of energy while a food web shows the connections between all of the food chains in an ecosystem
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30. Trophic Level Each step in a food chain or food web
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31. Grazing Food Web (not in student book)
Begins with photosynthesizing plants, algae, and phytoplankton
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32. Detrital Food Web (not in student book)
Begins with decomposers and detritivores
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33. List the types of simple inorganic molecules that are released when decomposers and detritivores break down the remains of dead organisms. These are cycled back in nature. Carbon, Phosphorous, Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Copper, Zinc, Molybdenum
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34. Ecological Pyramid Diagram that shows the amounts of energy or matter contained within each trophic level of the food chain or food web
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35. Energy pyramid Shows the amount of energy at each trophic level
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36. What percentage of the available energy, in a trophic level, do organisms use for life processes? 10%
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37. Where does the remaining energy in a trophic level go?
Lost as heat
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38. Biomass pyramid Shows the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level
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39. Which part of the biomass pyramid contains the most biomass?
The Base
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40. Pyramid of numbers Shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level
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