1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOSPHERE-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
Timo Vesala
Department of Physics
Department of Forest Sciences

2. Carbon and water cycles in forests
Wetlands
Lakes and rivers
Urban surface
Comparison of different surfaces
ICOS and databases

3. Carbon and water cycles in forests

4. Evaporation + transpiration
Evapotranspiration =
Evaporation + transpiration
Evaporation from
wet surfaces
Evaporation from stomata

5. Decomposition Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) =
- (growth – decomposition) = - NEP
Photosynthesis
(assimilation)
Autotrophic respiration
Heterotrophic
respiartion
Growth
Decomposition

6. Water vapour and CO2 exchange in Hyytiälä (40-year-old pine)
Evapo-
Transpir.
Water
vapour
Source
CO2
Sink

7. Gap-filled carbon balance (Hyytiälä Scots pine)
g per m2 = 10 kg per ha

8. Hyytiälä energy fluxesEC
Launiainen et al. 2010

9. Weekly average NEE, pine forest, Hyytiälä
S. Launiainen

10. Wetlands

11. Siikaneva fen,
Southern Finland
Methane (CH4)

12. Siikaneva fen, Southern Finland
J. Rinne, P. Alekseychik

13. Carbon balance of Siikaneva fen, about 1/5 of that for Hyytiälä forest
gC m-2 a-1
CO2
2005
- 51
CH4 10
Total C 41
J. Rinne

14. Lakes and rivers

15. Freshwaters in global carbon cycle
Regnier et al. 2013

16. Lake Valkea-Kotinen, Southern Finland
A. Ojala

17. We need method development to ensure representative data!
Single lake fluxes are heterogenous in space and time! 3
We need method development to ensure representative data! 4 2 1
Examples for CH4:
Diffusive flux from wind exposed central parts (Schilder et al. 2013).
Shallow water with high ebullition (Bastviken et al. 2004).
High plant mediated flux (Bergström et al. 2007).
Hot spot zones with high sediment deposition (DelSontro et al. 2012)
D. Bastviken

19. EC over rivers
Huotari et al., JGR, 2013

20. Stepanenko et al. 2016

21. Urban surface

22. Measurement sites and measurements in Helsinki
Built
Road
SMEAR III station (since 2005)
QH, QE, Fc and Fp using EC technique
Basic meteorology
Weather radar
EC campaign for N2O and CO
Vegetation
A.-J. Kieloaho
b) Erottaja firestation (Jul 2010 – Jan 2011)
QH, QE, Fc and Fp using EC
Radiation , Tsurf (FMI)
c) Hotel Torni(since Sep 2010 )
Tsurf
The most direct way to measure directly emissions and/or sinks

23. CO2 flux and traffic density in Kumpula Campus

24. Comparison of different surfaces

25. Comparison of 3 different surfaces
Average diurnal courses in June 2009

26. Lake Pallasjärvi region, Finnish Lapland
M. Aurela, Boreal Env. Res. 2015

27. Lake-forest-wetland comparison (CO2 and CH4)
Kuivajärvi
(Lake)
SMEAR II (Scots Pine Forest)
Siikaneva (Wetland)
CO2
+116
-280
-51
CH4
0.2 NA 10
I.Mammarella

28. ICOS (Integrated Carbon Observation System) and databases

29. FLUXNET & ICOS FLUXNET = Global flux tower network (CO2 and water)
ICOS = European network for GHG monitoring (standardized sensors, centralized data processing etc.)

32. Petrescu et al. PNAS

33. CH4 is offset by CO2 uptake over several centuries
Increased forcing for wetland converted to cropland

34. You, the researhers/students, are the end-users of the data; you can also actively affect how well the data is used
Remember that the whole ICOS-Europe is available
Kuva: Sakari Uusitalo

35. Dario Papale quoted someone:
“Sharing data is like sharing wife…”