1. Fundamentals of Information Systems
Sixth Edition

2. Principles and Learning Objectives
Users must work closely with IS professionals to define business needs, evaluate options, and select the hardware and software that provide a cost-effective solution to those needs.
Identify and discuss the role of the essential hardware components of a computer system.
List and describe popular classes of computer systems and discuss the role of each.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

3. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware.
Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software.
Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

4. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage.
Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives.
Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

5. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff.
Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

6. Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life.
Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

7. 2.1 Hardware Components Figure 2.1: Computer System Components
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

8. Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Input devices:
Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU),
Control unit.
Input devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Voice-recognition devices.
Touch-sensitive screens.
OCR (Optical Character Recognizer).
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices.
Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

9. Hardware Components Output devices: Communications devices.
Speakers.
Printers and plotters.
Display monitors.
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs).
Light Emitting Diodes(LEDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Communications devices.
MODEM (Modulate and Demodulate).
Router.
Wi-fi cards.
Primary storage devices.
Secondary storage devices.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

10. 2.2 Processing Characteristics and Functions
System unit
Houses CPU and memory.
All other devices are linked to the system unit.
Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase.
Clock speed: electronic pulses produced at a predetermined rate.
Wordlength: number of bits that can be processed at one time.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

11. Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing: simultaneous execution of two or more instructions.
Parallel processing/ computing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel to execeute the same task..
Grid computing: collection of computers (often owned by multiple owners or organizations) to solve a common problem.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

12. 2.2 Memory Characteristics and Functions:
Table 2.2: Number of Bytes
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

13. Types of Memory Random access memory (RAM): ROM (read-only memory):
Also known as Primary or Main or Internal Memory.
Temporary.
Volatile.
ROM (read-only memory):
Usually nonvolatile.
Secondary storage memory:
Also called permanent storage.
Nonvolatile.
Greater capacity and greater economy than memory.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

14. Secondary Storage Devices
Magnetic tapes.
Magnetic disks.
Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID).
Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM).
CD-recordable (CD-R) discs.
CD-rewritable (CD-RW) discs.
Digital versatile disc (DVD).
Memory cards.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

15. 2.3 Computer System Types Handheld computers. Portable computers.
Thin client.
Desktop computers.
Workstations.
Servers.
Mainframe computers.
Supercomputers.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

16. 2.4 Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions.
Documentation: describes program functions.
Systems software: coordinates the activities of hardware and programs.
Application software: helps users solve particular problems.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

17. Systems Software: Operating Systems
Operating system (OS): set of programs that control the hardware and act as an interface with applications.
Common hardware functions:
Get input (e.g., keyboard).
Retrieve data from disks and store data on disks.
Display information on a monitor or printer.
User interface:
Allows individuals to access and command the computer system.
Command-based user interface: uses text commands.
Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus to send commands to the computer system.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

18. Processing tasks:
Multitasking: more than one program running at the same time.
Time-sharing: more than one person using a computer system at the same time.
Scalability: ability to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly.
Networking capability: features that aid users in connecting to a computer network.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

19. Popular Operating Systems
Windows XP
Windows NT Server
Mac OS
UNIX
Solaris
LINUX
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

20. Examples of Personal Software
2.5 Application Software:
Gives users the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks.
Interacts with systems software; systems software then directs the hardware to perform the tasks.
Examples of Personal Software
Word Processors (MS Word)
Spreadsheets (MS Excel sheet)
Database (MS Access)
Online Information services.
Graphics (Adobe)
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

21. 2.6 Types of Users:
Program User –The vast majority of computer users are application-oriented. They have training and experience exclusively with commercial softwares.
Data Entry Operator – A person who enters data into the computer via keyboard or other reading or scanning devices.
Coder or the Programmer –The user who writes the programs is called the Coder or the Programmer.
e-Writer – Writes tutorials or text files for online viewing/sharing.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

22. Gamer – Dedicated fan of computer games who plays them for fun or a sense of accomplishment over others. They also take gaming real seriously.
Self-Broadcaster – User who uploads video media to broadcast themselves, make tutorials, or even share music.
Cracker – Someone who retrieves and cracks password hashes or the limitation of non-free software.
Hacker – The user that knows a lot about computing and uses this knowledge to manipulate the computer in ways that is not intended. Hackers may write code, viruses, and crack passwords or software.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.

23. Self Examination Questions
Short Answer Questions (3 marks)
1) Define : Machine cycle time, Clock speed and Wordlength.
2) Define : Multiprocessing, Parallel processing and Grid computing.
3) Identify THREE basic characteristics of Primary memory and Secondary memory.
4) Bring out any 5 examples of Secondary storage devices.
5) List out different Computer System Types.
6) Give any FOUR examples of popular operating system.
Long Answer Questions (5 marks)
7) With the help of a diagram explain the Computer System Components with examples for each.
8) What is an Application software? Write at least FIVE examples of application software.
9) What is an Operating System? Describe it's Common functions and Tasks.
10) Describe EIGHT different types of Users of computer.
Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition.