2. Physical Capital vs. Financial Capital
Tools, instruments, machines, buildings, and other items that have been produced in the past and that are used today to produce goods and services.
Financial capital
The funds that firms use to buy physical capital.

3. Capital and Investment
Capital Stock (K)
Total amount of capital measured at a given point in time.
Gross investment (I)
total amount spent on purchases of new capital and on replacing depreciated capital.
Depreciation (capital consumption allowance)
decrease in the quantity of capital that results from wear and tear and obsolescence.
Net investment (IN)
change in the quantity of capital.
I - CCA
K(t) = K(t-1) + IN

4. May 22, 2017.

5. May 22, 2017.

6. May 22, 2017.

7. the value of all the things that people own. Saving (S)
Wealth and Saving
Wealth (W)
the value of all the things that people own.
Saving (S)
the amount of income that is not paid in taxes or spent on consumption goods and services.
Wealth increases with
Capital gains (CG)
Wealth is decreased by capital losses or dissaving.
W(t) = W(t-1)+S(t-1)+ CG(t-1)
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8. Markets for financial capital
Saving is the source of funds used to finance investment.
These funds are supplied and demanded in three types of financial markets:
Loan markets
Bond markets
Stock markets

9. Financial Institutions and markets
a firm that that operates on both sides of the markets for financial capital.
borrower in one market and a lender in another.
Types of financial institutions (more on this later)
Investment banks
Commercial banks
Government-sponsored mortgage lenders
Pension funds
Insurance companies

10. The Market for Loanable Funds
Market where households, firms, governments, and financial institutions borrow and lend.
The market influences
Saving and investment
Interest rates

11. The Market for Loanable Funds
The market for loanable funds is the aggregate of all the individual financial markets. Funds that Finance Investment 1. Household saving S 2. Government budget surplus (T -Tr – G) 3. Loans from the rest of the world (M – X) Because Income Side of GDP = Expenditure Side of GDP C + S + (T-Tr) = C + I + G + (X-M)  I = S + TN-G + (M-X) where TN=T-Tr (net taxes) =
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12. The Market for Loanable Funds
Nominal interest rate
More specific name for “interest rate”
Not adjusted for effects of inflation
($ of interest / $ of principal) per period of time
Real interest rate
nominal interest rate adjusted to remove the effects of inflation on the purchasing power of money.
nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.

13. The Market for Loanable Funds
Demand for loanable funds
the relationship between the quantity of loanable funds demanded and the real interest rate, ceteris paribus.
Business investment is the main item that makes up the demand for loanable funds.

14. The Market for Loanable Funds
Changes in the Demand for Loanable Funds
(a shift in the demand curve)
When expected profits rises, the demand for loanable funds rises
Tax policy can affect demand for loanable funds
Investment tax credit
Accelerated depreciation.

15. The Market for Loanable Funds
The Supply of Loanable Funds
the relationship between the quantity of loanable funds supplied and the real interest rate, ceteris paribus.
Saving is the main item that makes up the supply of loanable funds.

16. Supply of Loanable Funds

17. The Market for Loanable Funds
Changes in the supply of loanable funds
Driven by changes in willingness to lend (save) at various interest rates
Permanent Income hypothesis is that household consumption in any given year matches their “permanent income”
If income>permanent income, save
If income<permanent income, borrow or dissave
Predictions from PIH regarding savings behavior
Temporary changes in disposable income
Expected future income
Unexpected changes in wealth
Perceived default risk of borrowers will also affect loan supply to a particular group of borrowers

18. The Market for Loanable Funds: Equilibrium

19. The Market for Loanable Funds
Assuming no government or international sector,
SLF= Saving
DLF=Investment
Analyze effects of each of the following on Saving, Investment, real interest rate.
A technological advance that creates profitable investment opportunities.
Households become more optimistic about future income growth.
Government creates more tax incentives for business investment.

20. Government in the Market for Loanable Funds
Government enters the loan market when it has a budget surplus or deficit.
A government budget surplus increases the supply of funds
A government budget deficit increases the demand for funds.

21. Gross government saving includes federal, state and local government.
May 22, 2017.
Gross government saving includes federal, state and local government.

22. Government Surplus in the Market for Loanable Funds

23. Government Deficit in the Market for Loanable Funds

24. Government in the Market for Loanable Funds: Ricardo-Barro Effect

25. Government in the Market for Loanable Funds: Ricardo-Barro Effect

26. The Global Loanable Funds Market
The loanable funds market is global, not national.
Financial capital is mobile: It moves to the best advantage of lenders and borrowers.
Because lenders are free to seek the highest real interest rate and borrowers are free to seek the lowest real interest rate, the loanable funds market is a single, integrated, global market.
Funds flow into the country in which the real interest rate is highest and out of the country in which the real interest rate is lowest.

27. The Global Loanable Funds Market
International Borrowing and Lending
If a country’s net exports are negative,
Country is a net borrower
quantity of loanable funds in that country is greater than national saving.
If a country’s net exports are positive,
the country is a net lender
the quantity of loanable funds in that country is less than national saving.

29. Foreign Holdings of U.S. Government Bonds (Billions of $)
Total Foreign Holdings = $5,557.2 b.

32. The Global Loanable Funds Market
X-M<0
(e.g. U.S. today)
X-M>0
(e.g. China today)