1. Chapter 1 Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 1

2. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
The Study of The Composition, Structure, and Properties of Mater and the Changes it Undergoes.
Branches
Organic Chemistry – Study of Carbon Containing Compounds
Inorganic Chemistry – Study of All Substances Not Classified As Organic
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 2

3. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Branches (Continued):
Physical Chemistry – The Study of the Properties and Changes of Matter and Their Relation to Energy
Analytical Chemistry – Identification of the Components and Composition of Materials
Biochemistry – The Study of Substances and Processes Occurring in Living Things
Theoretical Chemistry – The Use of Mathematics to Understand the Principles behind Observed Chemical Behavior
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 3

4. Types of Chemical Research
Basic Research – A Fundamental Study of How and Why a Specific Reaction Occurs and What The Properties of a Substance Are.
Applied Research – Applied Research is Carried out to solve a Problem.
Technological Development – Uses Basic and Applied Research Results to Develop New Products
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 4

5. Matter and Its Properties
Mass is the Quantity of Matter
Unit of Measure = gram
Not Weight (Weight = Acceleration x Mass)
Volume is the Space an Object Occupies
Calculated by V = H x W x D
Unit of Measure = cm3
Matter is Anything Which Has Mass and Volume
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 5

6. Basic Building Blocks of Matter
Atom – The Smallest Unit of an Element That Maintains the Properties of the Element.
Element – A Pure Substance Made up of Only One Kind of Atom.
Compound – A Substance That is Made From Atoms of Two or More Elements That are Chemically Bonded.
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 6

7. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Properties of Matter
Extensive Properties – Depend Upon the Amount of Matter
Mass
Volume
Energy
Intensive Properties – Do Not Depend Upon the Amount of Matter
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Density
Conductivity
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 7

8. Physical Properties and Physical Changes
Physical Property – A Characteristic That Can be Observed or Measured Without Changing the Identity of the Substance.
Examples:
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 8

9. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Physical Change
Physical Change - A Change in a Substance That Does Not Involve a Change in the Identity of the Substance.
Examples:
Change of State (Gas to Liquid, etc.)
Change in Temperature/Energy
Change in Pressure
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 9

10. Physical States of Matter
Solids
Definite Volume and Shape
Molecules Rigidly Locked Together
Liquids
Definite Volume, Take the Shape of the Container (Indefinite Shape)
Molecules Closely Packed But Move Past Each Other
Gas
Neither a Fixed Volume Nor a Fixed Shape
Molecules Widely Spaced
Plasma
High Energy State of Matter
Electrons and Nuclei Separated
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 10

11. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Chemical Change
In a Chemical Change the Identities of Substances Change and New Substances Form
Example: Mercury(II)Oxide  Mercury + Oxygen or HgO  2 Hg + O2
Starting Materials = Reactants (Left Hand)
Final Materials = Products (Right Hand)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 11

12. Energy and Changes in Matter
Energy is Always Involved in Chemical And Physical Changes
Examples:
Heat Required to Melt Ice
Heat Evolved When Charcoal Burns
Heat Absorbed When Chemicals in a “Cold Pack” Are Mixed
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 12

13. Classification of Matter
Two Groups: Mixtures and Pure Substances
Mixture – A Blend of Two or More Kinds of Matter, Each of Which Retains Its Own Identity and Properties
Mixture Examples:
Sand and Iron Filings
Sugar in Water
18-karat Gold (Alloy of Gold, Silver, Copper, and Nickel) (18-karat/24-karat = 75%)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 13

14. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Types of Mixtures
Homogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Uniform in Composition, Also Called Solutions
Clear Washing Detergent
Sprite
Heterogeneous Mixtures – Mixtures Which are Not Uniform Throughout
Orange Juice (With Pulp)
Fur Lined Jacket
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 14

15. Separation of Mixtures
Filtration (Separation of Precipitate from Supernate)
Centrifugation (Separation of High Density Materials from Low Density Materials)
Chromatography
Gas Phase (Like Distillation)
Liquid Phase (Different Diffusion Rates)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 15

16. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Pure Substance
Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Characteristic Properties
Every Sample of a Pure Substance Has Exactly the Same Composition
Examples:
A Clear Liquid Which Freezes at 0 C. and Boils at 100 C. Is Probably Water
All Water Molecules are Composed of Two Parts Hydrogen and One Part Oxygen
A Metal Which Melts at 1083 C. Is Probably Copper
May Be Either a Compound or an Element
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 16

17. Purity of Laboratory Chemcials
All Chemicals Have Some Impurities
Primary Standard
ACS Grade
USP Grade
CP Grade Increasing Purity
NF Grade
FCC Grade
Technical Grade
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 17

18. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Elements
Periodic Table
Vertical Columns
Periods Groups or Families
Similar Ability to Bond to Other Elements
Horizontal Rows
Called Periods
Two Main Sections
Metal on Left
Non-Metals on Right
Metalloids In between
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 18

19. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Metals
Definition: A Metal Is an Element That Is a Good Conductor of Heat and Electricity
Characteristics
Malleable
Ductile
High Tensile Strength
Shiny
Silver Appearance (Except for Copper, Gold)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 19

20. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Non-Metals
A Non-Metal Is an Element That Is a Poor Conductor of Heat And Electricity
Tend to Be Brittle Rather Than Malleable or Ductile
Examples:
Phosphorous (Necessary for Life)
Sulfur
Carbon
Oxygen
Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, etc.)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 20

21. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Metalloids
Metalloids Have Properties of Both Metals and Non-Metals
Tend to Be Less Malleable Than Metals And Not as Brittle as Non-Metals
Tend to Be Semiconductors of Electricity
Examples:
Silicon
Germanium
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 21

22. Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Noble Gases
Elements in Group 18 (Far Right-hand Column) Are The Noble Gases
Very Low Reactivity (No Compounds Known Before 1962 When Xenon Hexafluoride Discovered)
Examples:
Helium (Lighter Than Air Balloons)
Neon (Neon Signs)
Argon (About 1% of the Air We Breathe)
Honors Chemistry, Chapter 1
Page 22