1. Radiographic assessment of knee–ankle alignment after total knee arthroplasty for varus and valgus knee osteoarthritis 
Fuqiang Gao, Jinhui Ma, Wei Sun, Wanshou Guo, Zirong Li, Weiguo Wang 
The Knee 
Volume 24, Issue 1, Pages (January 2017)
DOI: /j.knee
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Measurements of pre-operative lower limb alignment and angles on full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs. The FVA is formed by the intersection of the lines along the mechanical and anatomical femur axes. The HKA is formed by a line from the center of the femoral head to that of the knee, and a line from the knee center to the ankle center. The FA is the intersection of the lines along the anatomical and transcondylar axes of the femur. The TA is the intersection of the lines along the anatomical and transcondylar axes of the tibia. The TAA is drawn between the horizontal line and a line through the joint surface of the talus. The TTA is the angle between the anatomical axis of the tibia and a line drawn through the joint surface of the talus.
The Knee  , DOI: ( /j.knee )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
There was a significant correlation between the HKA and TAA in unilateral operative and non-operative sides before and after TKA. The HKA had a positive correlation with the TAA angle in unilateral operative side before (A) and after TKA (B). There was also a positive correlation with the HKA and TAA angles in the unilateral non-operative side before (C) and after TKA (D).
The Knee  , DOI: ( /j.knee )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

4. Figure 3
Correlation of the HKA versus the TAA angle in bilateral varus gonarthrosis before and after TKA. The HKA had a positive correlation with the TAA angle in bilateral left side before (A) and after TKA (B). There were positive correlations between the HKA and TAA angles in bilateral right side before (C) and after TKA (D).
The Knee  , DOI: ( /j.knee )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

5. Figure 4
Pre-operative full-length standing anteroposterior radiograph of a 58-year-old woman with bilateral symptomatic varus knee OA. The ankle joint tilts laterally and the medial joint space is moderately narrowed. There is severe subchondral sclerosis at the knee and ankle joint surfaces (A). The knee deformities were corrected to a normal valgus, and the ankle joints showed normal alignment following simultaneous-bilateral TKA (B).
The Knee  , DOI: ( /j.knee )
Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions