1. Class Slides Set 15B
The Upper Body

2. brachiation erect walking
and
erect walking
resulted in a number of
postcranial changes

3. Skeleton of a brachiator (gibbon)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 129

4. The upper body . . .

5. Continue on to Set # 16A
The Skull

6. (rather than one with a simple curve)
Humans developed an
S-curved backbone
(rather than one with a simple curve)

7. Human vertebral column (lateral view).
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 507

8. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223
Modern human skeleton
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223

9. Human skeleton (Homo sapiens) – bipedal hominid.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 507

10. Spine has become more massive and rigid, with fewer vertebrae . . .

12. Chest has become wider and more barrel-like

13. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223
Modern human skeleton
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223

15. Shoulders have broadened

16. Human skeleton (Homo sapiens) – bipedal hominid.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 507

17. Relatively longer necks have developed

18. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223
Modern human skeleton
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 223

19. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 190

20. The arms and hands . . .

21. The forelimbs of apes have become strengthened and elongated
(relative to the length of the body)

23. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 240
Homo habilis
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 240

24. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 113
Gorilla
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 113

26. Hands
become more hand-like . . .

28. Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 174+

29. Power grip –
(“prehensility”)
a grip involving all fingers of the hand equally, as in grasping a baseball

31. Precision grip –
(“opposability”)
a grip that involves opposing the tip of the thumb to the tips of the other fingers

35. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 513
Hand anatomy.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 513

37. Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 121
Primate (Macaque) hand
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 121

41. The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 126
Two-year-old Baboon
The Primates, Time-Life (1974) p. 126