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UNIT 1
Urban Challenges
Sahar Almudaiheem

2. What is urban agglomeration?
What is graffiti?
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Graffiti is writing or drawing on the walls of buildings. Graffiti is usually done illegally and can be humorous, rude, or political. Recently, graffiti has developed into an art form. Brazilian graffiti art, for example, has inspired graffiti artists all over the world.
What is urban decay?
Urban decay is when part of the city becomes run down.
What is urban agglomeration?
It is a collection of densely populated areas, e.g., smaller towns that have joined together to make large cities.

3. 1. Why do people like living in micro-homes?
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Listen to the information about the ways that some cities are meeting new challenges, then answer the following questions.
1. Why do people like living in micro-homes?
2. How does this cement reduce pollution?
3. Where is the High Line urban park?

4. Answer the questions below
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Answer the questions below
1. What is acqua alta?
2. What is MOSE?
3. Who can afford houses in Venice?
4. What are three suggestions for reducing
damage from tourism?

5. Answer the questions below
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Answer the questions below
1. What is acqua alta?
Regular floods
A project to build water
barriers to stop flooding
2. What is MOSE?
3. Who can afford houses in Venice?
Only rich people or those who have inherited homes from their families.
4. What are three suggestions for reducing
damage from tourism?
Limiting tourists, taxing tourists, and asking tourists to avoid the busy seasons

6. Drawing Plausible Inferences
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Drawing conclusions refers to information that is implied or inferred. This means that the information is never clearly stated.
Drawing inference is a logical conclusion you make by using information given to you.
Lecturers often tell you more than they say directly. They give you hints or clues that help you "read between the lines." Using these clues to give you a deeper understanding of your reading is called inferring

7. Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgment.
When you infer, you go beyond the surface details to see other meanings that the details suggest or imply (not stated). When the meanings of words are not stated clearly, they may be implied - that is, suggested or hinted at. When meanings are implied, you may infer them.
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In speaking, the speaker may not state a conclusion directly, but he/she provides information that the listener can use to make a plausible, or likely, conclusion.
Inference is just a big word that means a conclusion or judgment.

8. Introducing a Topic at the Beginning of a Talk: To begin with . . .
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Introducing a Topic at the Beginning of a Talk:
To begin with . . .
I’d like to focus on . . .
Today’s topic is . . .
Today, we’re going to cover . . .
What I want to do today is….
Introducing a Topic Later on in a Talk:
Let’s move on to . . .
Let me add that . . .
Another point I want to make is . . .

9. Some expressions that one can use to apologize for interrupting:
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Some expressions that one can use to apologize for interrupting:
Sorry.
Go ahead.
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to cut you off.
Sorry. What were you going to say.
Oops. Please finish what you were saying.

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Overview of the Video
This video presents some problems that Tuareg farmers are having with elephants that want to eat their crops. The video shows some ways in which the farmers are trying to correct the problem without harming the elephants.