1. Chapter 28 First Aid and Emergencies
Lesson 1 Providing First Aid Pg
Notebook: Have you ever had to administer first aid/cpr to anyone? Or
Have you ever seen anyone administer first aid/cpr?

2. Lesson Objectives
Relate the nation’s goal & objectives for improving individual, family, & community health to learning & using appropriate first-aid procedures.
Understand the importance of learning first aid.
Analyze strategies for responding to accidental injuries.

3. Importance of Learning First Aid Procedures
First aid is administered in the seconds and minutes following an emergency in which someone becomes ill or injured.
Important step in meeting the nation’s health goals and objectives for individuals, family, and communities described in Healthy People 2010.
Using proper first-aid procedures can reduce the number of people who sustain further injury or die in the absence of early and effective treatment.

4. Universal Precautions
Are actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood and other body fluids as if they contained pathogens.
Wearing protective gloves
Using a rescue mask
Washing hands before & after providing care

5. Responding to an Emergency
Steps to Follow in an Emergency Situation
Common indicators of an emergency include unusual sights, sounds, odors, and behaviors.
Care
Call
Provide care for the victim.
LIFE THREATENING 1st
Check
Call for help.
911
Check the scene and the victim.
SAFETY

6. Checking a victim Never move a seriously injured person unless:
There is immediate danger
You have to reach a more seriously injured person
You need to move a victim to provide proper care
Practice moving a victim to provide proper care (p. 17)
Check for consciousness- if not conscious call 9-1-1
Sometimes the most important thing a person can do to help in an emergency is to call for help

7. Call 9-1-1 Call first situations: An unconscious person
Cardiac emergencies
Call fast situations:
Breathing, bleeding, and other non-cardiac emergencies
When To Call & How To Call EMS (pp ) read the list aloud
Examples of call fast situations:
Any victim of submersion or near drowning
Cardiac arrest associated with trauma
A victim of drug overdose

8. Care for a Conscious Victim
Introduce yourself
Get permission to treat
Ask what happened
Give care
Ask where the pain is and what it’s like:
Burning, aching, sharp, stinging and how bad it is.
Be calm and patient
Speak normally and simply

9. Types of Injuries

10. Open Wounds Abrasion (scrape) Incision (cut or laceration) Avulsion
Open wounds are one type of injury. Treatment depends on the
severity and type of wound.
Abrasion (scrape)
Incision (cut or laceration)
Avulsion
Puncture

12. Abrasion “Scrape”
Most common type of wound caused by skin that has been rubbed or scrapped away
Usually painful because scraping away of outer skin exposes nerve endings
Dirt and bacteria can easily enter this wound
Cleaning the wound is extremely important and it speeds healing process

13. Laceration “incision or cut”
May be jagged or smooth edges
Commonly caused by sharp objects (glass, knife)
Can also be caused by a blow from a blunt object
Deep lacerations can result in heavy bleeding and damage to nerves, blood vessels, & other soft tissues.
Infection may also occur

14. Puncture
Caused when a pointed object pieces the skin (nail, tack, bullet)
Usually don’t cause heavy external bleeding, but may cause internal bleeding
An object that remains embedded in the wound is called an impaled object
Carry High risk of infection, including tetanus.

15. Avulsion
A portion of the skin or other soft tissue is partially or completely torn away
May hang like a flap
Severed (finger)
Can sometimes be reattached
Pack the severed part in ice or ice water, if possible, to preserve the tissue.
Heavy bleeding is common

16. First Aid for Bleeding Put on protective equipment (gloves)
Wash a minor wound with mild soap & running water to remove dirt and debris
Do not attempt to clean a severe injury
(avulsion)
Always wash hands before and after care

17. Caring for an Open Wound
Control bleeding (sterile dressing-direct pressure)
Cover and press firmly
Raise / elevate above heart (if no broken bone is suspected)
Apply bandage snugly over dressing (if bleeding does not stop apply additional dressing)
If bleeding cannot be controlled, put pressure to supplying artery
Call for help

18. How to Apply a Pressure Bandage
Place a dressing over the wound
Secure the roller bandage over the dressing
Using overlapping turns, cover the dressing completely
Secure the bandage in place; tie tightly over wound
Should be tight enough to maintain pressure, but not so tight that it cuts off circulation

19. Pressure Point Bleeding Control
If elevating & applying pressure does not stop bleeding, pressure point bleeding control must be used.
This procedure involves pressing the main artery against a bone
It should be used only when absolutely necessary; seriously injured or possibly in shock.

20. Burns

21. Burns are caused by: Heat – most common Chemicals Electrical current
Radiation (from the sun)

22. Burns Are a specific type of soft tissue injury
You can describe burns by their cause or by their depth (the deeper the burn, the more severe it is)
First degree are superficial
Second & Third degree are deep
A critical burn can be life-threatening

23. Types of Burns

24. Superficial (1st Degree)
Involve the first layer of skin (outer layer)
Skin is red & dry & usually painful
May be swollen
Most sunburns are superficial
Cool the burn with cool running water (not ice) for 10 minutes
Pat dry & cover with a sterile bandage.

25. Partial Thickness(2nd Degree)
Involves top layers of skin
Skin is red & blistered that may open & seep clear fluid
Usually painful & often swells
Cool the burn with cold water (not ice) and elevate.
Wrap the area loosely with sterile, dry dressing.
Do not pop blisters
Seek medical attention

26. Full Thickness (3rd Degree)
Destroys all layers of skin & any/all underlying structures (fat, muscle/bones, nerves)
Burns look brown/black (charred) with tissue underneath appearing white
Can be either extremely painful or relatively painless (nerve endings destroyed)
Call for medical help immediately
Cool with large amount of water and cover the area with dry sterile dressing

27. Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions
Define first aid
Why is it necessary to use universal precautions when giving first aid to a person who is bleeding?
What two universal precautions that a person should follow when giving first aid to another person?
What are the first three things you should do when you recognize an emergency situation?
5. Most burns are caused by?

28. Ch 28 Lesson 1- Review Questions Continued…
6. What are the types of burns?
7. What are the four types of open wounds?
8. _____ A cut caused by a razor blade is called
a. an abrasion c. a puncture
b. a laceration d. an avulsion
9. ____ Puncture wounds usually cause heavy external bleeding.
10. ____ A severed body part should be packed in ice or ice water to preserve the tissue. (true or false)