1. Objectives I can define terms related to cells and genetics.
I can define terms related to the pathology of tissues, glands and modes of disease transmission.

2. Structure of the Body The body is made up of:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Body Systems
Working together these structures form the complete body. 2

3. Cells Cells are the smallest units of the body.
Cytology is the study of cells.

4. Genes Genes are the functional units of heredity.
Genes control physical traits (hair, skin, and eye color) and also hereditary disorders.
Genetics –study of how genes are transferred from parents to children
Geneticist—a specialist of genetics

5. Genetic Disorders
A hereditary disorder that is caused by an absent or effective gene.
Examples:
Down Syndrome—(Trisomy 21) physical abnormalities and facial appearance
Hemophilia—bleeding disorder; blood clotting factor is missing. . .causes sever spontaneous bleeding
Phenylketonuria—(PKU) digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing, causes brain damage

6. Down Syndrome

7. Hemophilia

8. Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Phe=phenylalanine

9. Tissues
Tissues are a group of cells that join together to perform a certain function.
4 types of tissues
Epithelial tissues are found in the skin and lining of organs
Connective tissues—support and connect organs
Adipose tissue—fat, provides cushion and support
Muscle tissues—contain cells that contract and relax
Nerve tissues—contain cells that react to stimuli and conduct electrical impulses

10. Glands Glands are specialized cells that can produce secretions.
Exocrine glands—such as sweat glands, secrete substance into ducts that lead into an organ or out of the body
Endocrine glands—produce hormones; do not have ducts; secreted directly into the bloodstream
Aden/o means gland
-oma means tumor
Carncin/o means cancerous

11. Pathology Pathology is the study of diseases
Pathologist—specialist that studies diseases
Etiology—study of the causes of disease

12. Disease Transmission (spread of disease)
Pathogen—disease producing microorganism such as a virus or bacteria
Communicable disease—a contagious disease caused by a pathogen transmitted from one person to another
Indirect contact transmission—infection caused by contact with a contaminated surface
Bloodborne transmission—spread through contact with blood or body fluids Ex. HIV
Airborne transmission—spread through droplets from a cough or sneeze Ex. Cold or Flu
Fecal-Oral transmission—caused by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with feces

13. Indirect Contact Transmission

14. Bloodborne Transmission

15. Airborne Transmission

16. Fecal-Oral Route

17. Vector-borne Transmission
Disease is transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, fleas, flies, rats, dogs
West Nile has a vector-borne transmission through mosquitoes

18. Outbreaks of Diseases
Epidemiologist—specialist that studies the outbreaks of disease in a population
Endemic—ongoing presence of a disease within an area, group, or population
Ex. Common cold present within general population
Epidemic—sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
Ex. Sudden, widespread outbreak of chicken pox is an epidemic
Pandemic—outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
Ex. Worldwide spread of AIDS

19. Endemic vs. Epidemic vs. Pandemic
Sporadic—scattered occurrences
Endemic—Ongoing presence of disease in a specific area
Epidemic—sudden, widespread outbreak of disease
Pandemic—outbreak of a disease worldwide

20. Aging
Geriatrics (Gerontology)—study of medical problems of the elderly
Geriatrician (Gerontologist)—specializes in the care of the elderly

21. Write It!: Write the correct med term on the line.
_______________ is a genetic disorder associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, and physical abnormalities.
Mr. Wong died of cholera during a sudden and widespread outbreak of this disease in his village. This outbreak is called ____________.
Nurse Susie was infected with HIV when she stuck herself with a patient’s contaminated needle through a ________________ transmission.
Ralph was very sick after drinking contaminated water during a camping trip. His doctor says that he contracted the illness through ____________________ transmission.

22. Ashley is fascinated by genetics
Ashley is fascinated by genetics. She wants to specialize in this field and is studying to become a __________________.
A specialist in the study of the outbreaks of disease is an ______________________.
_____________ is a bleeding disorder in which one of the factors needed to clot the blood is missing.
The _________________ system is composed of the heart and blood vessels.
The genetic disorder ____________________ is characterized by a missing digestive enzyme.
The inflammation of a gland is known as ________________.
The surgical removal of a gland is called ________________.

23. Types of Diseases
Iatrogenic illness—an illness caused by medical treatment
Ex. Iatrogenic rash caused by taking high blood pressure medicine
Idiopathic disorder—an illness without known cause
Ex. Idiopathic epilepsy—seizures without a cause
Nosocomial Infection—a disease acquired from a hospital
Nosocomial MRSA infection
Infectious Disease– an illness caused by a bacteria or virus