1. DO NOT POST TO INTERNET
Figure 5-1 Page 87

2. © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Formation
of the
earth’s
early
crust and
atmosphere
Small
organic
molecules
form in
the seas
Large
(biopolymers)
First
protocells
Single-cell
prokaryotes
eukaryotes
Variety of
multicellular
organisms
form, first
in the seas
and later
on land
Chemical Evolution
(1 billion years)
Biological Evolution
(3.7 billion years)
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Figure 5-2 Page 88

3. Stanley Miller's experiment animation.
Click to view animation.
Animation

4. Figure 5-3 Page 89 Modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear about 2 seconds
before midnight
Recorded human
history begins
1/4 second
before midnight
Age of mammals
Age of reptiles
midnight
Insects and amphibians invade the land
Origin of life
(3.6–3.8 billion
years ago)
First fossil
record of
animals
Plants begin
invading
land
noon
Figure 5-3 Page 89
Evolution and expansion of life

5. Click to view animation.
Example of directional selection animation.
Click to view animation.
Animation

6. Stabilizing selection animation.
Click to view animation.
Animation

7. Disruptive selection animation.
Click to view animation.
Animation

8. Niche separation Number of individuals Generalist species
with a broad niche
Specialist species
with a narrow niche
Niche
breadth
Region of
niche overlap
Resource use
Figure 5-4 Page 91

9. Figure 5-5 Page 92-93 Herring gull is a tireless scavenger
Brown pelican dives for fish,
which it locates from the air
Black skimmer
seizes small fish
at water surface
Dowitcher probes deeply
into mud in search of
snails, marine worms,
and small crustaceans
Ruddy turnstone searches
under shells and pebbles for small invertebrates
Scaup and other
diving ducks feed on
mollusks, crustaceans,
and aquatic vegetation
Avocet sweeps bill through
mud and surface water in
search of small crustaceans,
insects, and seeds
Flamingo
feeds on
minute
organisms
in mud
Oystercatcher feeds on
clams, mussels, and
other shellfish into which
it pries its narrow beak
Knot (a sandpiper) picks up
worms and small crustaceans
left by receding tide
Louisiana heron wades into
water to seize small fish
Piping plover feeds
on insects and tiny
crustaceans on
sandy beaches
Figure 5-5 Page 92-93

10. Insect and nectar eaters
Fruit and seed eaters
Insect and nectar eaters
Greater Koa-finch
Kuai Akialoa
Amakihi
Kona Grosbeak
Crested Honeycreeper
Akiapolaau
Maui Parrotbill
Apapane
Figure 5-6 Page 93
Unknown finch ancestor

11. Arctic Fox Spreads northward and southward Early fox separates
Northern population
Spreads
northward
and
southward
separates
Adapted to cold through heavier fur, short ears,
short legs, short nose. White fur matches snow for camouflage.
Different environmental
conditions lead to different
selective pressures and evolution
into two different species.
Early fox
population
Southern population
Gray Fox
Adapted to heat
through lightweight
fur and long ears,
legs, and nose, which
give off more heat.
Figure 5-7 Page 94

12. PANGAEA LAURASIA GONDWANALAND 135 million years ago
120°
80°
40°
80°
120°
120°
80°
80°
120°
GONDWANALAND
135 million years ago
225 million years ago
EURASIA
NORTH AMERICA
AFRICA
120°
80°
INDIA
120°
120° 0°
40°
120°
AMERICA
SOUTH
MADA-
GASCAR
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA
65 million years ago
Present
Figure 5-8 Page 95

13. Terrestrial organisms
1600
Silurian
Permian
Triassic
Jurassic
Cambrian
Ordovician
Devonian
Cretaceous
Pre-cambrain
1200
Carboniferous
Marine organisms
Number of families
800
Tertiary
Quaternary
400
3500
545
500
440
410
355
290
250
205
145 65
1.8
Millions of years ago
Figure 5-9 Page 96

14. Crop Desired trait (color) Crossbreeding Pear Apple Offspring
Best results
New
offspring
Figure 5-10 Page 97
Desired
result

15. Phase 1 Make Modified Gene cell gene DNA plasmid DNA Genetically
Identify and extract
gene with desired trait
gene
DNA
Identify and remove
portion of DNA
with desired trait
plasmid
Remove plasmid
from DNA of E. coli
E. coli
DNA
Insert extracted DNA
(step 2) into plasmid
(step3)
Genetically
modified
plasmid
plasmid
Insert modified
plasmid into E. coli
Figure 5-11a Page 98
Grow in tissue
culture to
make copies

16. Phase 2
Make Transgenic Cell
Transfer plasmid
copies to a carrier
agrobacterium
A. tumefaciens
(agrobacterium)
Agrobacterium
inserts foreign
DNA into plant
cell to yield
transgenic cell
Plant cell
Nucleus
Host DNA
Foreign DNA
Transfer plasmid
to surface
microscopic metal
particle
Use gene gun
to inject DNA
into plant cell
Figure 5-11b Page 98

17. Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Phase 3
Grow Genetically Engineered Plant
Transgenic cell
from Phase 2
Cell division of
transgenic cells
Culture cells
to form plantlets
Transfer to soil
Transgenic plants
with new traits
Figure 5-11c Page 98

18. Evolutionary tree of life animation.
Click to view animation.
Animation

19. Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction.
Click to view animation.
Animation