1. Tone Objectives: To analyze techniques used to convey opinions
To evaluate the significance of literary devices and their appeals.

2. Tone

3. Tone What is tone? Why does it matter?
Tone is the writer's/speaker’s attitude (emotion) toward his/her subject.
Tone helps to establish the mood, and mood is what makes us engage in the text or song or movie or TV show…
•Tone determines writer’s diction, syntax, and use of language.
---Therefore, you can determine the author’s tone by examining the writer’s diction, syntax, and use of language.

4. Diction Formal Informal
Formal diction consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language; it follows the rules of syntax exactly and is often characterized by complex words and lofty tone.
Examples: superb, excellent, wonderful, exceptional
Informal diction represents the plain language of everyday use (slang), and often includes idiomatic expressions, slang, contractions, and many simple, common words.
Examples: sweet, tight, sick, cool, hot

5. Syntax is the way words and clauses are arranged to form sentences.
That arrangement contributes to and enhances meaning and effect.
Syntax helps authors effectively make their points.

6. Types of Figurative Language
Figurative Language a tool that an author uses to help a reader visualize what is happening in his or her literary work
Types of Figurative Language
Simile
•Metaphor
•Personification
•Pun
•Allusion
Symbolism
•Imagery
•Hyperbole
•Understatement

7. Types of Figurative Language
A metaphor is a comparison of two seemingly unlike things.
Example-My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
Personification is a figure of speech in which the characteristics of humans are assigned to inanimate things or animals.
Example: The flowers danced in the gentle breeze.
A simile is a comparison of two unlike things using the words like or as.
Example: Her cheeks are red like a rose .
Allusion is a reference in a literary work to a person, place, or thing in history or in another work of literature. Allusions are often indirect and can be brief references to well- known characters or events.
Example: “Hey! Guess who the new Newton of our school is?”
Pun is the usually humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word similar in sound; a play on words.
Example: An elephant’s opinion carries a lot of weight.
Symbolism is the use of recurrent symbols or images in a work to create an added level of meaning.
Example: A red rose or red color stands for love or romance.

8. Types of Figurative Language-continued
Imagery is the use of language to evoke a sensory impression or vivid picture in the reader’s mind.
Example: It was dark and dim in the forest. – The words “dark” and “dim” are visual images.
Hyperbole is an exaggeration for humor or emphasis.
Example: I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!
Understatement is the downplaying the severity or extremity of a situation.
Example: “It is a bit cold today,” when the temperature is 5 degrees below freezing.

9. DICTION INFORMAL FORMAL
Informal diction represents the plain language of everyday use (slang), and often includes idiomatic expressions, slang, contractions, and many simple, common words.
EXAMPLES: sweet, tight, sick, cool, hot
Formal diction consists of a dignified, impersonal, and elevated use of language; it follows the rules of syntax exactly and is often characterized by complex words and lofty tone.
EXAMPLES: superb, excellent, wonderful, exceptional

10. DICITON IMPACTS YOUR INTENTIONS
The meek shall inherit my wrath.
*versus*
I’m about to beat you down little man.
One is clearly more intimidating, or evil sounding, than the other.
Depending on the message you want to convey, you should consider whether formal or informal diction will fit best.

11. CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION
Denotation is the literal meaning of a word.
*NOTE- There are no emotions, values or images associated with denotative meanings
Example
Snake: any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles having a long, tapering, cylindrical body.
Connotation involves emotions, values, or images associated with a word. The intensity of emotions or the power of the values and images associated with a word varies.
Example
Snake: something evil or untrustworthy. Perhaps an omen of bad things to come.

12. Now lets practice
Tone Activities—Re-write a passage
What tone best describes the author’s feelings/attitude toward the sea creatures?
The devils were eight or nine feet tall, with wild and tangled hair. Their horrific bodies were blackish and hairless, and their eyes as round as monkey’s eyes and as fierce as the bluest point of a flame. Apart from some seaweed they had encased around their waists they were naked, but all sorts of pictures were etched onto their skin, with a sort of glowing outline, like the embers of a flame, framing each picture. Each devil carried a long, jagged staff.
Use a minimum of 5 humorous tone words
Rewrite this passage to reflect a humorous tone—5 sentence minimum (define all tone words used in the passage).

13. The devils were eight or nine feet tall, with wild and tangled hair
The devils were eight or nine feet tall, with wild and tangled hair. Their horrific bodies were blackish and hairless, and their eyes as round as monkey’s eyes and as fierce as the bluest point of a flame. Apart from some seaweed they had encased around their waists they were naked, but all sorts of pictures were etched onto their skin, with a sort of glowing outline, like the embers of a flame, framing each picture. Each devil carried a long, jagged staff.

14. Use a minimum of 5 sorrowful tone words
More Practice
What tone best describes the author’s feelings/attitude toward the angels?
The angels were elegant and soaring, with tresses that sparkled and floated in the sunlight. Their graceful figures were ethereal and their eyes as gentle as the kiss of Spring. Apart from thin layers of silk that floated like capes around them, they were nude. Their clothing was airy—as if they were clothed in clouds. Light emanated from their skin as if sunrays escaped from each pore. Like seraphs coexisting with sea life, they brought a healing touch to their surroundings. Each angel carried with them a shimmering staff of gold.
Use a minimum of 5 sorrowful tone words
Rewrite this passage to reflect a sorrowful tone—5 sentence minimum. (define all tone words used to rewrite the passage)

15. Use a minimum of 5 positive tone words
Practice
What tone best describes the author’s feelings/attitude toward Tony’s Place?
Tony’s Place is crammed into a tiny building next to the Fine Arts Theater. The owners offer a menu of Italian food. They’ve got the checkered table clothes, dim lights, and crusty bread. They also know how to make a hearty red sauce. Too bad they use it to drown delicate fish. They also seem to lace everything with truckloads of garlic.
The service needs some work, too. Our waiter didn’t know what the specials were. Nor did he think to refill our water glasses before we asked. With a combination of fake-friendly chatter and outright nagging, he made us order, finish up, and clear out. He seemed to see us only as automatic tip machines. The food and low prices bring the customers in the door. The service should not push them out.
Use a minimum of 5 positive tone words
Rewrite this passage to reflect a positive tone—5 sentence minimum. (define all tone words used to rewrite the passage)