1. What is CULTURE? What are its elements? How is it transferred?
How does it affect the landscapes of the world?

2. What is CULTURE?
Culture is learned behavior that is passed on by imitation, instruction, and example.
Culture is almost entirely relative. Proper behavior shifts from culture to culture.
U.S. current problems: 1) little shared culture 2) no one is teaching culture.
For example: sex education - Home? School?
Note: experiencing another culture is useful for gaining perspective on your own.
Candidate for harshest punishment in history? Banishment in so-called “primitive” cultures.

3. Geographic Importance of Culture
Geographers study culture because it leaves dramatic imprints on the earth, both physical and cultural.
Language: a crystal ball into culture.
Religion: strongest determinant of ethics.
Nationalism and Borders
Material Culture: tools, clothes, toys, etc.
Architecture: Suburban garages vs. earlier porches

4. Culture Complex Culture traits: Object Techique Belief Attitude
Cultural Traits that are
Functionally interrelated

5. What kinds of cultural values are reflected in each of these American houses?
Gated community?

6. Diffusion
Cultural Similarities occur by spatial spread from 1 or a few sites
Relocation
Expansion
Hierarchical
Contagious
Stimulus

7. Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography
All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related.
Related Concepts:
Distance Decay
Friction of Distance

8. in London’s Soho District
Spatial distribution
What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution?
Map of Cholera Victims
in London’s Soho District
in 1854.
The patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations helped uncover the source of the disease.

9. Acculturation/Transculturation
Ac: As immigrant populations take on values, attitudes, customs, and speech of receiving society, which itself undergoes change from absorption of the arriving grp. Trans: 2 way flow reflects a more equal exchange of cult outlooks and ways of life

10. Cultural Landscape Revisited
Environmental Determinism: environment is primary determinant of culture.
Possibilism: humans are primary determinant of culture.

12. Environmentally Determined?
N.Y.C.
Environmentally Determined?

13. What about Bali,
Indonesia?

14. Where are we. What values are reflected in each
Where are we? What values are reflected in each? What relation to physical environment?

15. Timber House, Switzerland
Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey
Yurt on Mongolian Steppe
Suburban Home, Chicago

16. Key Concepts: Core-Periphery
Core (Devoloped Countries )
U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia
Wealthy
Powerful
Control Media and Finance
Technologically advanced
Periphery (Less Developed Countries)
Poor
Dependent upon Core countries for:
Education
Technology
Media
Military Equipment
Financing

17. Key Concepts: Core-Periphery

18. 1994 U.S. Stats Population: 292 million Population density: 29 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 2.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 116 years Percentage urban/rural: 78% urban, 22% rural Per capita energy use: 8,148 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 6.7 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 74 (male), 80 (female) Adult illiteracy: 3% (male), 3% (female) Internet users: 165 million
All of the possessions of a statistically avearge U.S. family. Photograph by Peter Menzel.

19. 1994 India Stats Population: 1
1994 India Stats Population: 1.0 billion Population density: 318 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 3.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 36 years Percentage urban/rural: 28% urban, 72% rural Per capita energy use: 494 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 66 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 62 (male), 64 (female) Adult illiteracy: 32% (male), 55% (female) Internet users: 7 million
All of the possessions of a statistically average Indian family. Photograph by Peter Menzel.

20. 1994 Japan Stats Population: 128 million Population density: 336 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 1.3 children per woman Population doubling time: 289 years Percentage urban/rural: 79% urban, 21% rural Per capita energy use: 4,316 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: 3 deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 78 (male), 85 (female) Adult illiteracy: 1% (male), 1% (female) Internet users: 56 million
All of the possessions of a statistically average Japanese family. Photograph by Peter Menzel.

21. 1994 Mali Stats Population: 12 million Population density: 9
1994 Mali Stats Population: 12 million Population density: 9.1 people per sq. km. Total fertility rate: 7.0 children per woman Population doubling time: 23 years Percentage urban/rural: 26% urban, 64% rural Per capita energy use: 22 kg. oil equivalent Infant mortality: deaths per 1,000 births Life expectancy: 48 (male), 49 (female) Adult illiteracy: 64% (male), 84% (female) Internet users: 30,000
All of the possessions of a statistically average Malian family. Photograph by Peter Menzel.

22. Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. The economic, cultural, and environmental effects of globalization are highly contested.
Panama, 1997

23. Steamship Routes, Circa 1900
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Steamship Routes, Circa 1900

24. OneWorld Alliance Direct LAX Flight Map, 2010
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OneWorld Alliance Direct LAX Flight Map, 2010