1. Harvesting Energy from Glucose
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Harvesting Energy from Glucose

2. What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration??
This is the process our cells go through to obtain energy from our primary source, glucose
Glucose is broken down with the help of oxygen and ultimately produces water, carbon dioxide and energy in the form of ATP and heat
C6H12O O2  6CO H2O + Energy
Occurs in the cytoplasm and mitochondrion

3. The Mitochondrion
Each mitochondrion contains an outer an inner membrane, seperated by an intermembrane space. The inner membrane is thrown into curtain-like folds that project inward, dubbed the cristae. Withinn the walls fo the ristae is the matrix that harbors the mitochondrian DNA ribosoomes and ATP synthase particles. Most cells in the human body, with the exception of erythrocytes contain hundreds of mitochondria. Teach mitochondrion contains approximately 10 mnDNA strands.

4. Overview of Cellular Respiration
Stage 1: Glycolysis
10 step process occurring in the cytoplasm
Stage 2: Pyruvate Oxidation
1 step process occurring in the matrix
Stage 3: Krebs Cycle
8 step cyclical process occurring in the matrix
Stage 4: ETC and Chemiosmosis
A multi-step process occurring in the inner membrane
Good people keep eating cake

5. Energy Products and Carriers
Energy Storage:
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate
ADP + P + Energy  ATP
Energy Carriers:
NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+ + H e  NADH
FADH2: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAD + 2H e  FADH2

6. Where it Happens

8. The Role of ATP
According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form to another or from one object to another
The goal of cellular respiration, is to capture as much of the available free energy as possible from the breakdown of glucose, and trap it in the form of ATP
The stored energy in ATP can then be used to power reactions in the body, when it is dephosphorylated

10. ATP Production Substrate – Level Phosphorylation:
ATP is made when an enzyme adds a free phosphate group to ADP
Oxidative Phosphorylation:
When ATP is made using a proton gradient that has been generated through redox reactions

11. Stage 1: Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm to produce two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules (anaerobic process)
It occurs in ten steps, each one catalyzed by a specific enzyme

13. The Details 2 ATP are required to kick start the process
Fructose diphosphate seperates into 2 molecules  2 paths
2 NADH molecules are made
4 ATP are made in later stages (2 ATP NET)
NOTE: PGAL = phosphoglyceraldehyde (Glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate)

14. References Nelson 12 Biology textbook (pages 94 – 100)