1. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS &THEIR INTERACTION
PRESENTED BY-
MADHUMITA DEB
ROLL-23
B.ED SECTION

2. THE STUDY OF ECOSYSTEM IS CALLED ECOLOGY
WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
THE STUDY OF ECOSYSTEM IS CALLED ECOLOGY

3. WHAT IS ECOSYSTEM ?
ECOSYSTEM is a functional unit where biotic and abiotic components of the environment interplay.

4. ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
It includes basic elements and compounds of the environment such as water,carbon dioxide,oxygen , nitrogen , calcium,amino acid, humic acid etc.

5. BIOTIC
COMPONENTS
PRODUCER
COMPONENT
CONSUMER
COMPONENT
DECOMPOSER
COMPONENT

6. PRODUCERS OR AUTOTROPHS
PRODUCERS(autotrophs) are typically plants or algae that do not usually eat other organisms, but pull nutrients from the soil or the ocean and manufacture their own food using photosynthesis. For this reason, they are called primary producers. In this way, it is energy from the sun that usually powers the base of the food chain. An exception occurs in deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystems, where there is no sunlight. Here primary producers manufacture food through a process called chemosynthesis

7. CONSUMERS OR HETEROTROPHS
Consumers (heterotrophs) cannot manufacture their own food, and need to consume other organisms. They are usually animals. Animal that eat primary producers, such as plants, are called herbivores. Animals which eat other animals are called carnivores, and animals which eat both plant and other animals are called omnivores.

8. DECOMPOSERS OR DETRIVORES
Decomposers (detritivores) break down dead plant and animal material and wastes and release it again as energy and nutrients into the ecosystem for recycling. Decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi (mushrooms), feed on waste and dead matter, converting it into inorganic chemicals that can be recycled as mineral nutrients for plants to use again

9. WHAT IS TROPHIC LEVEL?
Producer-consumer relationship is called trophic level or trophic structure.
The trophic level of an organism is the position it occupies on the food chain.

10. First trophic level .
The plants in this image, and the algae and phytoplankton in the lake, are primary producers. They take nutrients from the soil or the water, and manufacture their own food by photosynthesis, using energy from the sun.
photosynthesis, using energy from the sun.s from the soil or the water, and manufacture their own food by photosynthesis, using energy

11. SECOND TROPHIC LEVEL
Rabbits eat plants at the first tropic level, so they are primary consumers.

12. Third trophic level
Foxes eat rabbits at the second trophic level, so they are secondary consumers

13. Fourth trophic level
Golden eagles eat foxes at the third trophic level, so they are tertiary consumers

14. WHAT IS FOOD CHAIN ?
The definite relationship between different categories of organisms in terms of nutrition is called food chain.
Organisms at the base of food chain belong to FIRST TROPHIC LEVEL and those consume them belong to next trophic level.

15. FOOD WEB
The interrelated food chains are interconnected with each other to form a web like structure called food-web

16. FOOD CHAIN & FOOD WEB FOOD CHAIN (just one path of energy)
FOOD WEB (everything is connected!)

17. ENERGY FLOW IN A ECOSYSTEM
The conversion of energy from one form to another form and its sequential transfer through the biotic community is termed the energy flow.
Energy flow is unidirectional. In the ecosystem energy always flows from lower trophic level to higher .Here energy is transferred from green plants to herbivores and from these on to the carnivores, but never in opposite direction. Energy flow follows the LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS that Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.

18. TEN PERCENT LAW
According to the law, during the transfer of organic food from one trophic level to the next, only about ten percent of the organic matter is stored as flesh. The remaining is lost during transfer or broken down in respiration.
Plants utilise sun energy for primary production and can store only 10% of the utilised energy as net production available for the herbivores. When the plants are consumed by animal, about 10% of the energy in the food is fixed into animal flesh which is available for next trophic level (carnivores). When a carnivore consumes that animal, only about 10% of energy is fixed in its flesh for the higher level.
Lindemann (1942) put forth ten percent law for the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next.
So at each transfer % of potential energy is dissipated as heat (second law of thermodynamics) where only % of energy is available to the next trophic level.

19. ENERGY LOSS IN ECOSYSTEM

20. Biogeochemical Cycles
All matter cycles...it is neither created nor destroyed... As the Earth is essentially a closed system with respect to matter, we can say that all matter on Earth cycles .
Biogeochemical cycles: the movement (or cycling) of matter through a system in general... we can subdivide the Earthsystem into: atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere biosphere

21. Biogeochemical Cycles
The Cycling Elements: macronutrients : required in relatively large amounts "big six":
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous Sulfur

22. Biogeochemical Cycles
other macronutrients:
Potassium Calcium Iron Magnesium micronutrients : required in very small amounts, (but still necessary) boron (green plants) copper (some enzymes) molybdenum (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) Generalized Biogeochemical Cycle:

23. CARBON CYCLE

24. NITROGEN CYCLE

25. THANK YOU