1. SUB. TEACHER: MR. MADKE VINOD BABURAO
RAYAT SHKSHAN SANSTHA’S NEW ENGLISH SCHOOL TURBHE TAL.POLADPUR DIS.RAIGAD
SUB:- ENGLISH
SUB. TEACHER: MR. MADKE VINOD BABURAO
STD.:- EIGHT

2. Std 8th sub. ENGLISH Nouns
Unit 2

3. Nouns A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.
People
farmer
Alexander Graham Bell
Places
Chicago
waiting room
Things
flowers
keys
Ideas
success
happiness

4. Two basic kinds of nouns
Proper noun names a specific person, place, thing, or idea.
Alexander Graham Bell
Tarrytown
“Rikki-tikki-tavi”
Common noun names any one class of people, place, thing, or idea.
inventor
village
story

5. Identify if the noun is a common or a proper noun
Identify if the noun is a common or a proper noun. Then, if it is a common noun give an example of a proper noun. If it is a proper noun give an example of a class to which each proper noun belongs. government common, Congress pony express common, Wells Fargo

6. postmaster general common, Benjamin Franklin United States proper, country city common, Appleton president common, Abraham Lincoln

7. postal service common, U. S
postal service common, U.S. Postal Service Benjamin Franklin proper, inventor century common, Victorian Era history common, the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

8. Concrete and Abstract Nouns
Common nouns can be either concrete or abstract. Concrete nouns things that you can see or touch. Abstract nouns name ideas, qualities, or feelings that cannot be seen or touched.

9. Kinds of Nouns Common Proper Abstract Concrete truth document
Supreme Court
courage
crown
Queen Victoria
time
snow
December
history
museum
Museum of Anthropology
heritage
buffalo
Native American

10. State if the underlined common noun is abstract or concrete.
Born in slavery, Fredrick Douglass escaped and fled to Massachusetts.
abstract
In 1841 he addressed a meeting and talked about freedom.
After he spoke, he was hired to talk to other groups.
concrete

11. It took courage for him to speak out as he did.
abstract
After his autobiography was published in 1845, he went to England.
concrete
When he returned, he continued to talk about his beliefs.
He helped men, women, and children flee to Canada.

12. Plural and Singular Nouns
Singular Noun: When a noun means one only, it is said to be singular. Examples: boy, girl, book, church, box Plural Noun: When a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural. Examples: boys, girls, books, churches Rule #1 The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular noun. lamp - lamps cat - cats fork - forks flower -flowers pen - pens dog - dogs

13. Rule #2 Nouns that end in ch, sh, s, ss, x, z, zz form the plural form by adding es. moss - mosses buzz - buzzes
box - boxes  church - churches
Special Note: If you add - s to such nouns as fox, bush, and bench, you will find that you cannot pronounce them without making an additional syllable.  This is why such nouns form the plural by adding - es.

14. Rule #3 There are several different rules for singular nouns ending in the letters f, fe or ff when changing them to the plural form.
Most nouns ending in the letters f, fe or ff form the plural by adding the letter s.
surf - surfs
Some nouns that end in f, fe or ff form the plural by changing the final f form to ves.
calf - calves

15. Rule #4 Most nouns that end in i form the plural by adding the letter s.
ski – skis
Some nouns ending with the letter i form the plural both by adding s and/or es
taxi-taxis-taxies

16. Rule #5 If a singular noun ends in y and is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i and es is added.
butterfly - y + i + es = butterflies
If a singular noun ends in y and is preceded by a vowel, the letter s is simply added with no other changes made.
monkey + s = monkeys

17. Rule #6 There are some nouns that form the plurals differently.
Some nouns change their vowels in the middle of the singular form when forming the plural
goose – geese
mouse – mice
woman - women

18. Spell the plural of each of the following nouns.
chair 
chairs
star 
- stars
dress
dresses
farm 
farms

19. storm 
storms
brush
brushes
wish
wishes
paper
papers

20. grass 
grasses
computer 
- computers
rock
rocks
bench
benches
fox
foxes

21. cup 
cups
cross 
- crosses
door
doors
owner
owners ax
axes

22. shelf 
shelves
man
- men
fly
flies
day
days
taxi
taxis, taxies

23. dwarf 
dwarfs or dwarves
foot
- feet
loaf
loaves
lady
ladies
tail
tails

24. Compound Nouns A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words.
A compound noun can be one word, like storybook; more than one word, like ice cream; or joined by hyphens, like runner-up.

25. Compound Nouns One Word Hyphenated More Than One Word housekeeper
mother-in-law
dining room
showcase
runner-up
ice cream
bookmark
great-grandmother
maid of honor
football
kilowatt-hour
music box

26. Identify the compound noun in each sentence.
We definitely need a new football.
football
Visit the Smithsonian Institution in Washington.
Smithsonian Institution
How late is the post office open on Saturday?
post office

27. Her outlook is always positive.
How did your cousin like her new junior high school?
junior high school
Paul Simon is my favorite songwriter.
songwriter

28. To improve, we will need a lot of teamwork.
No medicine is a complete cure-all.
cure-all
This cartridge uses an advanced magnetic tape.
magnetic tape
We are going to assemble a new mailing list.
mailing list

29. Plural Compound Nouns
To form the plural of compound nouns written as one word, add –s or –es. To form the plural of compound nouns that are hyphenated or written as more than one word, make the most important part of the compound noun plural.

30. Forming Plural Compound Nouns
Singular
Plural
One word
Follow plural rules.
Exception:
footballs
headlights strongboxes
rosebushes
passersby
Hyphenated
Make the most important part of the compound noun plural.
great-grandmothers runners-up
More than one word
maids of honor
music boxes

31. Collective Noun
A collective noun names a group of individuals. class herd audience staff team orchestra The family struggled through the crowd to see the band.

32. Identify the collective noun in each sentence.
An angry crowd assembled in front of the church.
crowd
My uncle hopes to raise a flock of sheep.
flock
Our class voted to have a spring picnic.
class

33. Melissa applauded the performance of the orchestra.
What did you think about the reaction of the audience?
audience
A company of dancers will entertain us first.
company

34. The jury voted to acquit the defendant.
Later, the trio played three interesting numbers.
trio
A squadron of soldiers surrounded the building.
squadron
The bill was sent to a committee for further study.
committee

35. Singular and Plural Collective Nouns
Collective nouns can have either a singular or a plural meaning. When referring to the group as a unit, the noun has a singular meaning and takes a singular verb. The team works on its defensive plays.

36. When referring to the individual members of the group, the noun has a plural meaning and takes a plural verb. The team go to their individual lockers.

37. To help you determine whether a collective noun in a sentence is singular or plural, substitute the word it for the collective noun and any words used to describe it. If the sentence still makes sense, the collective noun is singular. If you can substitute they, the collective noun is plural. The team works on its project. (it, singular) The team work on their separate projects. (they, plural)

38. Identify the collective noun in each sentence and state what verb form in the parentheses that best completes each sentence.
The book club (discusses, discuss) their personal opinions of the plot.
- book club, discuss
The class (is, are) going on a bus to the art museum.
- class, is

39. The choir from East High School (sings, sing) the loudest.
- choir, sings
The elephant herd (makes, make) a thundering noise during a stampede.
- herd, makes
The baseball team (boasts, boast) an excellent batting average.
-team, boasts

40. The budget committee (reaches, reach) a final decision.
The theater troupe (come, comes) out separately at the end of the play.
- troupe, come
The jury (argues, argue) among themselves over the verdict.
-jury, argue

41. Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun names who or what owns or has something. Possessive nouns can be common nouns or proper nouns. They can also be singular or plural. Notice the possessive nouns in the following sentences. Rita has a book on history. Rita’s book is new.

42. father’s car Dave’s book
Add an apostrophe and an –s to show the possessive of most singular nouns.
father’s car Dave’s book
Add just and apostrophe to show the possessive case of plural nouns ending in –s or –es.
dogs’ owner churches’ congregations

43. Add an apostrophe and –s to show the possessive case of plural nouns that do not end in –s or –es. the four men’s car the geese’s honking Add an apostrophe and –s (or just an apostrophe if the word is a plural ending in –s) to the last word of a compound noun to form the possessive. high school’s mascot Boy Scouts’ trip

44. Spell the possessive case of the plural nouns in the following sentences adding apostrophes as needed.
The gold seekers need for money led them to the Yukon.
gold seekers’
At that time, many countries economies were suffering.
- countries’

45. The prospectors haste to reach the Yukon began in 1896.
It was many travelers belief that they could find gold.
travelers’
Many prospectors would seek a guide assistance.
- guide’s

46. Explorers depended on the native peoples knowledge.
Settlers lives were eased by friendships with the Chinook people.
Settler’s
The dogs lives were not altogether unpleasant, although they worked hard.
dogs’

47. Using Apostrophes with Pronouns
Use an apostrophe and –s with indefinite pronouns to show possession. another’s preference nobody else’s business Do not use an apostrophe with possessive personal pronouns. my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, and theirs

48. The following sentences contain possessive pronouns
The following sentences contain possessive pronouns. If a possessive is written incorrectly, spell it correctly. If all pronouns in the sentence are used correctly, say they are correct.
In the new claim, the lake was his and the island was their’s.
his/correct; theirs

49. Once prospectors reached the Klondike, they had only to find open land and stake their claims.
correct
If a prospector took anothers claim, it was called “claim jumping.”.
another’s

50. Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and Contractions
Most plural nouns, most possessive nouns, and certain contractions end with the letter –s. As a result they sound alike and can be easily confused. Their spellings and meanings are different.

51. Noun Forms and Contractions
Example
Meaning
Plural Noun
The students wrote a play.
more than one student
Plural Possessive Noun
The students’ play is good.
the play of the students
Singular Possessive Noun
I saw the student’s play.
the play of one student
Contraction
The student’s the author.
The student is the author.

52. Contraction
A contraction is a word made by combining two words into one and leaving out one or more letters. An apostrophe shows where the letters have been omitted. is not – isn’t could not – couldn’t your are – you’re we will – we’ll I would – I’d where is – where’s

53. Each sentence contains a word group that can be written as a contraction. Spell the new contraction.
Who is the new student representative?
who’s
I am not certain whether he is upstairs or downstairs.
- I’m, his

54. This pen will write if you will just keep shaking it.
you’ll
You are ignoring what I am saying.
You’re, I’m
Glenda is the one I would like to invite.
- Glenda’s, I’d

55. There cannot be any doubt about who will be invited.
Can’t, who’ll
You will enjoy looking at these old pictures of the class of 1956.
-You’ll
They were not sure who would be on the committee.
- weren’t, who’d

56. Singular Possessive Nouns Plural Possessive Nouns
Plural nouns do not have an apostrophe. The plural possessive nouns end with an apostrophe, The singular possessive nouns end with an apostrophe and an –s. You can tell these words apart by the way they are used in a sentence.
Plural Nouns
Contractions
Singular Possessive Nouns
Plural Possessive Nouns
speakers
speaker’s
speakers’
women
woman’s
women’s
countries
country’s
countries’

57. Identify if the underlined word is a plural noun, a plural possessive noun, a singular possessive noun, or a contraction. That kitten’s sure cute. The kitten’s fur is the color of taffy. I wonder how many kittens were in the litter. The kittens’ owners must be thrilled!

58. In each sentence, add apostrophes to the possessive noun and the contractions.
Woodrow Wilson was Americas twenty-eighth president.
America’s
As a student at Princeton, he joined the schools debating society.
- school’s

59. THANK YOU !