1. Iceland – Northern Europe Problems with recreational activities
Off-road driving – banned since 1999
Walking/Hiking – glaciers/mountains
Whale watching
Horse riding
Educational visits
Snorkelling/kayaking
Skiing
Problems with recreational activities
Too many people visiting sensitive areas – in some areas the number of visitors is more than the land can cope with
Plants are damaged by off-roading, growing season short so grow back slowly
Volcanic soils are loose – tyres easily dig deep ruts
Soils easily eroded by wind and rain
Most people visit in June and July – this needs to be spread out over time but there is poor weather.
Key Words
Urbanisation
Counter-urbanisation
Second home
Rural Depopulation
Migration
Services
Net out-migration
Fjord
Unsustainable
Diversify
Multi-national company (MNC)
Renewable resources
Hydro-electric power (HEP)
High tech industries
Sustainable development
Positive multiplier effect
Negative multiplier effect
Honeypot site
Permafrost
Geothermal energy
The environmental Association formed in 1966 to protect Iceland
2012 – 1.1 million tourists
West Fjords
Golden Circle
Rural area
One hour’s drive east of Reykjavik
Contains most popular attractions – Geysir, Gullfoss
Second homes – Grimsnes – 15oo holiday homes only 356 permanent residents
Reykjavik
Golden Circle
Reasons for counter-urbanisation
Escape city
Quieter/calmer
Natural environment to enjoy
Outdoor pursuits easily available
Housing available
More disposable income
Cheap house prices
Effects of counter-urbanisation
Second homes in Golden Circle
Change the rural communities
Use the services that should be available for the local people
Creates jobs for locals – construction
Air pollution from commuting
Management of tourism
There has been a lack of regulations
Construction of hiking paths, wooden stairs, viewing platforms. Larger car parks